The glutamate-dependent respiration of isolated BM (brain mitochondria) is regulated by Ca2+(cyt) (cytosolic Ca2+) (S0.5=225±22 nM) through its effects on aralar. We now also demonstrate that the α-glycerophosphate-dependent respiration is controlled by Ca2+(cyt) (S0.5=60±10 nM). At higher Ca2+(cyt) (>600 nM), BM accumulate Ca2+ which enhances the rate of intramitochondrial dehydrogenases. The ...

Syncytia arising from the fusion of cells expressing a lymphotropic HIV type 1-encoded envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) with cells expressing the CD4/CXC chemokine receptor 4 complex spontaneously undergo cell death. Here we show that this process is accompanied by caspase activation and signs of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), including the release of intermembrane proteins s...

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of pyridylthio-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (pythio-MWNTs) have been constructed on the gold substrate surface, which were used as a support to immobilize cytochrome c (Cyt c). The assembly processes of the SAMs and adsorption of Cyt c were monitored by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Based on the frequency change of the QCM resonator, th...

There are currently 25 recognized species of the chipmunk genus Tamias. In this study we sequenced the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of 23 Tamias species. We analyzed the cyt b sequence and then analyzed a combined data set of cyt b along with a previous data set of cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) sequence. Maximum-likelihood was used to further test the fit of models of...

We have made surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (Cyt c) on a gold surface. Angle-resolved SPR curves are recorded as a function of urea concentration before and after self-assembly of the Cyt c. Exposure to a urea solution causes denaturation of Cyt c, which shifts the minimum in the SPR curve to a larger angle and decreases the signal amplitude. The Gibbs ...

The release of cytochrome c (cyt c) from mitochondria is an important early step during cellular apoptosis, however the precise mechanism by which the outer mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to these proteins is as yet unclear. Inspired by our previous observation of cyt c crossing the membrane barrier of giant unilamellar vesicle model systems, we investigate the interaction of cyt c wi...

Rationale: A rise in cytosolic Ca concentration ([Ca ]cyt) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is an important stimulus for pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Increased resting [Ca ]cyt and enhanced Ca influx have been implicated in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Objective: We examined whether the extracellular Ca -sens...

The superoxide radical anion (SO) is a critical biomarker for monitoring cellular stress responses. Electrochemical SO biosensors are frequently constructed through the covalent immobilization of cytochrome c (Cyt c) onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs); however, a detailed comparison of these systems as well as configuration influence on SO detection is needed to enable robust applications. T...

While the conjugation of enzymes with ABA copolymers has resulted in increased enzymatic activities in organic solvents, by several orders of magnitude, the underpinning mechanism has not been fully uncovered, particularly at the molecular level. In the present work, a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation of cytochrome c (Cyt c) conjugated with a PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer (ABA) in tol...

RATIONALE A rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is an important stimulus for pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Increased resting [Ca(2+)](cyt) and enhanced Ca(2+) influx have been implicated in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). OBJECTIVE We examined whether the extr...