In modern livestock breeding, cryopreserved semen is routinely used for artificial insemination. Sperm cryopreservation secures future reproduction, and insemination doses can be easily shipped. Processing of semen for cryopreservation can be done with minimal efforts and relatively low costs. In this chapter we describe the entire cryopreservation process for stallion and bull sperm including ...

The paper is a review of the late treatments proposed in the literature to improve shell egg sanitisation and egg product pasteurisation. In a first part, the recent opinions adopted by the European Food Safety Authority on the washing and cooling of table eggs, as possible methods to reduce the risk for consumers, are presented and discussed. In the second part, the effects of in-shell treatme...

Photodetachment spectroscopy of OH(-) and H(3)O(2)(-) anions has been performed in a cryogenic 22-pole radiofrequency multipole trap. Measurements of the detachment cross section as a function of laser frequency near threshold have been analysed. Using this bound-free spectroscopy approach we could demonstrate rotational and vibrational cooling of the trapped anions by the buffer gas in the mul...

We present a quantitative study of suppression of cold inelastic collisions by the spin-orbit interaction. We prepare cold ensembles of >10(11) Al(2P(1/2)) atoms via cryogenic buffer-gas cooling and use a single-beam optical pumping method to measure their magnetic (m(J)-changing) and fine-structure (J-changing) collisions with 3He atoms at millikelvin temperatures over a range of magnetic fiel...

The application of liquid nitrogen injection is an important technique in the field of coal mine fire prevention. However, the mechanism of heat and mass transfer of cryogenic nitrogen in the goaf porous medium has not been well accessed. Hence, the implementation of fire prevention engineering of liquid nitrogen roughly relied on an empirical view. According to the research gap in this respect...

Heat switches, known also as thermal switches, are devices that switch as needed between roles as good thermal conductors and good thermal insulators. When one is installed in the heat-conduction path between a warm, heat-producing component and a heat sink, the change in thermal conductance it affords can control the temperature of the component. Heat switches can passively control the tempera...

Pure electron or pure positron plasmas held in magnetic fields B radiate energy because of the cyclotron motion of the plasma particles; nominally, the plasmas should cool to the often cryogenic temperatures of the trap in which they are confined. However, the cyclotron cooling rate for leptons is (1/4 s)(B/1 T), and significant cooling is not normally observed unless B 1 T. Cooling to the trap...

Deep cryogenic heat treatment is assumed as a supplementary heat treatment performed on steels before the final tempering treatment to enhance the wear resistance and hardness of the steels. In this study, the effects of the deep cryogenic heat treatment on the wear behavior and corrosion resistance of the 1.2080 tool steel were studied using the wear testing machine and polarization and impeda...

As part of the ongoing effort to study the mechanical behavior of biological material during cryopreservation processes, the current study focuses on thermal expansion of blood vessels at low cryogenic temperatures. The current paper (Part I) describes a new experimental device for thermal expansion measurements of blood vessels in typical conditions of vitrification, which are associated with ...