In visual crowding, the presence of neighboring elements impedes perception a target. Crowding is traditionally explained with feedforward, local models. However, increasing number can decrease i.e., lead to uncrowding, which demonstrates inadequacy classic feedforward explanation. Global models are needed, but behavioral experiments alone cannot discriminate between them. Here, we used fMRI st...

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We analyse the role of uncertainty in a sequential game where players have to decide whether to contribute to a public project or not. A player’s payoff may depend on his belief about the other player’s action which allows us to model social pressure. Using the theory of psychological games, we show that the players’ propensity to choose an individually costly action such as cooperation in a pu...

This study analyzes the existence of a complementary relationship between public and private spending on Research and Development activities. The results show that public funding does not produce a substitution effect on private spending. In fact, depending on the methodology used, public subsidies actually produce a crowding in effect of up to 49% on private spending. JEL: C23; L11;

The objective of this paper is to contribute to the empirical literature that evaluates the effects of public R&D support on private R&D investment. We apply a matching approach to analyze the effects of public R&D support in Spanish manufacturing firms. We examine whether or not the effects are different depending on the size of the firm and the technological level of the sectors in which the ...

Biochemical reactions in crowded fluids have been predicted to differ strongly from those in aqueous solutions. Both excludedvolume interactions with surrounding macromolecules and crowding-induced subdiffusion have been predicted to stabilize complex formation of reaction partners. Here we show that both facets of crowding strongly alter the stochastic opening and closing of a single-stranded ...