thiopental sodium is an ultra short-acting barbiturate. due to its redistribution characteristic, its first injection has a short term effect. in order to elongate its anesthesia duration, more injections are needed. as these additional injections extend the recovery length , weaken respiration and causes other dangerous effects; its repeated use is considered unsafe. citicoline is a natural su...

Levels of sodium pump and of sodium channels were measured at different stages of membrane purification. Microsomal fractions of normal human muscle have maximal binding capacities for tetrodotoxin of 230 fmol/mg of protein and of 7.4 pmol/mg of protein for ouabain. Dissociation constant for the complexes formed by the tetrodotoxin derivative and by ouabain with their respective receptors were ...

Cilnidipine, a novel calcium antagonist accompanied with Ltype and N-type calcium channel blocking function, is mainly used for treatment of hypertension. Due to its N-type calcium channel blocking properties, it has more advantages compared to conventional calcium channel blockers. The present investigation is aimed to formulate a pulsatile drug delivery system with a lag time of about 6 hr. C...

migraine is a common and incapacitating neurologic disorder manifesting with episodic moderate to a severe headache and other symptoms such as photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. triptans and ergot compounds have been used as treatment options for an acute migraine headache for many years. triptans are considered the first line of treatment in patients with moderate to a severe migr...

An attempt was made to formulate the sustained release tablet of verapamil hydrochloride by using the wet granulation method for the treatment of hypertension. In the present formulation the tablets releases the loading dose by immediate drug release and maintenance dose up to 15 hours by extended release. The drug excipient compatability study was carried out with HPLC method and there was no ...

background and aims. this in vitro study evaluated the effect of delaying composite resin restorative procedures bonded with total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems on microleakage following root canal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (naocl) solution. materials and methods. the roofs of pulp chambers and roots (1–2 mm below furcation) of 40 human first molar teeth were cut and pulp tissue...

background: sulphites are widely used as a preservative and antioxidant additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. many types of biological and toxicological effects of sulphites in multiple organs of mammals have been shown in previous studies. objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium metabisulfite (smb) on testicular function and morphometric values ...

to assess the effects of different final irrigants on the bond strength of bonded root filling materials, epiphany/resilon and epiphany self-etch (se)/resilon.the root canals of eighty single-rooted extracted human teeth were prepared. after the smear layer was removed using 17% edta, the samples were randomly divided into eight groups. in groups 1 and 2, no additional irrigant was used after e...

background:   objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the harmful effects of sodium arsenite on sperm parameters and the antioxidant effects of vit.e on sperm anomalies in sodium arsenite treated rats.   materials and methods: adult male rats were divided into 4 groups: control, sodium arsenite (8 mg/kg/day), vit.e (100 mg/kg/day) and sodium arsenite+vit.e. oral treatments were perf...