Pollinator and flower morphology are important factors in structuring the plant-pollinator relationship. A pollinator’s morphology may influence aspects of its diet. Flower-visiting bats are important pollinators but very little is known about what influences their interactions with food plants. I examined the role of morphology in the partitioning of food resources for five species of flower-v...

One hundred and fifty years after the discovery of Neanderthals, it is held that this morphologically and genetically distinct human species does not differ from modern Homo sapiens in its craniofacial ontogenetic trajectory after the early post-natal period. This is striking given the evident morphological differences between these species, since it implies that all of the major differences ar...

Apoptosis is characterized morphologically by condensation and fragmentation of nuclei and cells and biochemically by fragmentation of chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units [1]. CAD, also known as CPAN or DFF-40, is a DNase that can be activated by caspases [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. CAD is complexed with its inhibitor, ICAD, in growing, non-apoptotic cells [2] [7]. Caspases that are activated by ap...

As terahertz (THz) frequencies correspond to those of the intermolecular vibrational modes in a polymer, intense THz wave irradiation affects the macromolecular polymorph, which determines the polymer properties and functions. THz photon energy is quite low compared to the covalent bond energy; therefore, conformational changes can be induced "softly," without damaging the chemical structures. ...

Character independence is a major assumption in many morphologybased phylogenetic analyses (Felsenstein, 1973; Emerson and Hastings, 1998). However, the fact that most studies of modularity and morphological integration have found significant correlations among many phenotypic traits worryingly calls into question the validity of this assumption. Because gathering data on character correlations...

In the present study, eight specimens of sheep (>1 year) of both sexes were dissected to provide a comprehensive description of the weight, allocation and nerve branches of the cranial cervical ganglion. The cranial cervical ganglion was found beneath the mandibular salivary gland. It was located ventromedial to tympanic bulla and ventrally to atlantic fossa. In three out of eight animals it wa...

Hominid evolution can be interpreted either as a series of speciation events producing new morphological patterns or as an anagenetic process in a single-taxon lineage resulting in gradual changes of morphological characters. Studies of changes of metric characteristics of humans during the Holocene indicate that a substantial change in morphology can occur within a few thousand years. Reductio...

Maniraptoriformes, the speciose group of derived theropod dinosaurs that ultimately gave rise to modern birds, display a diverse and remarkable suite of skeletal adaptations. Apart from the evolution of flight, a large-scale change in dietary behavior appears to have been one of the main triggers for specializations in the bauplan of these derived theropods. Among the different skeletal special...