Wood liquefaction using an organic solvent and an acid catalyst has long been studied as a novel technique to utilize biomass as an alternative to petroleum-based products. Oxalic acid is a weaker organic acid than a mineral acid and wood liquefaction with oxalic acid as a catalyst will result in a higher amount of wood residue than that with a mineral acid. Yet the wood residue can be used as ...

S U M M A R Y We determine the finite-fault slip distribution of the 2001 Kunlun earthquake (M s = 8.1) by inverting teleseismic waveforms, as constrained by geological and remote sensing field observations. The spatial slip distribution along the 400-km-long fault was divided into five segments in accordance with geological observations. Forward modelling of regional surface waves was performe...

The deformation at the core-mantle boundary produced by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake is investigated by means of a semi-analytic theoretical model of global coseismic and postseismic deformation, predicting a millimetric coseismic perturbation over a large portion of the core-mantle boundary. Spectral features of such deformations are analysed and discussed. The time-dependent postseismic evolut...

UNLABELLED Semen enhances HIV infection in vitro, but how long it retains this activity has not been carefully examined. Immediately postejaculation, semen exists as a semisolid coagulum, which then converts to a more liquid form in a process termed liquefaction. We demonstrate that early during liquefaction, semen exhibits maximal HIV-enhancing activity that gradually declines upon further inc...

The potential for basin amplification of ground motion from significant seismic sources 100-200 km (62-124 mi.) from the Las Vegas Valley (such as the Death Valley Fault System) and Quaternary faults in the valley could provide sufficient energy to cause liquefaction. Key criteria of liquefiable soils coupled with a shallow groundwater table (less than 15 m (50 ft)) are met at several sites in ...

Liquefaction triggering assessments are often performed for individual locations, providing little information in regard to the expected spatial extent of liquefaction events. The present paper proposes a method to quantify the potential extent of liquefaction by accounting for spatial dependence of soil properties and potential future earthquake shaking. Random-field theory and geostatistics t...

One of the important problems in earthquake geotechnical engineering is liquefaction phenomenon that happens in loose saturated granular soils. This phenomenon can cause great damages to underground structures and buildings and lifelines. Liquefaction resistance of soils can be evaluated by experimental and field tests. The use of energy is a logical step in the evaluation of liquefaction asses...

The Yogyakarta – Bawen Toll Road construction is one of the National Strategic Projects because it passes through four regencies in Central Java Province and Special District Yogyakarta. As general consideration for infrastructure planning, was required to consider preventing damages due natural disasters, including liquefaction caused by an earthquake. study area has a shallow groundwater tabl...

Microwave-assisted liquefaction has shown potential for rapid thermal processing of lignocellulosic biomass. The efficiency of microwave heating depends largely on the dielectric properties of the materials being heated. The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic interactions between microwave energy and the reaction system during the liquefaction of a woody biomass sample. The ...

Recent research has suggested that changes in temperature and precipitation events due to climate change have had a significant impact on the availability and timing of streamflow. In this study, monthly temperature and precipitation data collected over 29 climate divisions covering the entire Colorado River basin and monthly natural flow data from 29 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gauge locatio...