Cortical layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons integrate inputs from many sources and distribute outputs to cortical and subcortical structures. Previous studies demonstrate two L5 pyramid types: cortico-cortical (CC) and cortico-subcortical (CS). We characterize connectivity and function of these cell types in mouse primary visual cortex and reveal a new subtype. Unlike previously described L5 CC and...

The subcortical auditory nuclei contain not only neurons tuned to a specific frequency but also those tuned to multiple parameters characterizing a sound. All these neurons are potentially subject to modulation by descending fibers from the auditory cortex (corticofugal modulation). In the past, we electrically stimulated cortical duration-tuned neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, a...

The central auditory system creates various types of neurons tuned to different acoustic parameters other than a specific frequency. The response latency of auditory neurons typically shortens with an increase in stimulus intensity. However, ~ 10% of collicular neurons of the little brown bat show a “paradoxical latency-shift (PLS)”: long latencies to intense sounds but short latencies to weak ...

The central auditory system creates various types of neurons tuned to different acoustic parameters other than a specific frequency. The response latency of auditory neurons typically shortens with an increase in stimulus intensity. However, approximately 10% of collicular neurons of the little brown bat show a "paradoxical latency-shift (PLS)": long latencies to intense sounds but short latenc...