Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb is characterized by epilepsy-associated malformations that are often composed of balloon cells and dysplastic neurons. There are many histopathologic similarities between focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an autosomal-dominant phakomatosis caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes that encode hamartin...

Background. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a frequent cause of medically intractable partial epilepsy of extra-temporal lobe origin. MRI characteristics of focal cortical dysplasia include cortical thickening, poor distinction between gray and white matter transition, and white matter abnormalities such as clusters of abnormal neurons. In many cases, FCD can be detected on MRI, facilitating ...

Case presentation: Male, 6 years old, presenting seizures since the age of 4 and evolving with refractory epilepsy, in use several medications for focal seizures, including Lacosamide, Cannabidiol, Phenobarbital Sulthiame. A 24-hour electroencephalogram showed bursts bilateral sharp waves front rolandic region, no adequate localization epileptogenic zone. Resonance imaging examination revealed ...

#### Notable in Neurology This Week This issue features an article that investigates the safety of ocrelizumab people with relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis; another examines whether a computer deep learning algorithm can detect MRI-negative focal cortical dysplasia. A featured Review neurologic conditions seen vaccines, including mRNA adenovirus vector coronavirus disease 2...

Epilepsy affects 65 million people worldwide, a third of whom have seizures that are resistant to anti-epileptic medications. Some of these patients may be amenable to surgical therapy or treatment with implantable devices, but this usually requires delineation of discrete structural or functional lesion(s), which is challenging in a large percentage of these patients. Advances in neuroimaging ...

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are responsible for many cases of refractory epilepsy in adults and children. The results of surgical treatment are difficult to assess from the published literature. Judging from the limited number of adequately reported cases, approximately 40% of all cases of MCD treated surgically may be rendered seizure-free over a minimum 2-year follow-up period...

− Malformations of cortical development are classified on the basis of imaging features and stages of cortical development. They are grouped by causes of the malformation: abnormal glial and neuronal proliferation, abnormal neuronal migration and abnormal cortical organisation. Focal or multifocal and generalised forms are recognised in each of these groups. In the first group, generalised form...