Usually writing teachers feel commitment to provide their learners with corrective feedback (CF) to their linguistic errors. The study investigated whether two types of written corrective feedback, indirect focused corrective feedback and indirect unfocused corrective feedback, produced differential effects on the accurate use of grammatical forms by high intermediate EFL learners. In this stud...

There are evolutionary trajectories in two different but related spaces, design space and niche space. Coevolution occurs in parallel trajectories in both spaces, with complex feedback loops linking them. As the design of one species evolves, that changes the niche for others and vice versa. In general there will never be a unique answer to the question: does this change lead to higher fitness?...

By performing the encoding operation on several message packets, rateless coding in cooperative networks has the potential risk of processing information already available to the receivers. In this paper, the intermediate packet decodability of rateless codes is exploited to mitigate such redundant packet processing at the cooperating nodes. The message packets that are already decoded at the r...

The authors investigate the effect of feedback delay on the average capacity of a decode-and-forward cooperative network with relay selection. In particular, a multi-relay cooperative scenario is considered, where the best relay is selected from a subset of relays that are able to decode the source information correctly. In this selection scenario, the authors assume that the destination termin...

We present a general stochastic model showing that colonial breeding can lead to complex multicolony population dynamics when combined with nothing more than (inevitably) imperfect decisionmaking by individuals. In particular, frequent “switching cascades”—mass movement of individuals between locations from one breeding season to the next—arise naturally from our model, bringing into question t...