X-ray reflectivity measurements of the glass transition in thin polystyrene films supported on Si substrates were performed at slow cooling rates ranging from 0.62 to 0.01 (°)C/min. At a cooling rate of 0.14 (°)C/min, a depression in the glass transition temperature Tg was clearly observed with decreasing thickness. However, at a cooling rate of 0.62 (°)C/min, only a slight decrease in Tg for a...

Cooling flow models for the hot gas in elliptical galaxies predict that gas is cooling at a rate of ∼ 1 M⊙ yr , yet there is little evidence for this phenomenon beyond the X-ray waveband. If hot gas is cooling, it will pass through the 3× 10 K regime and radiate in the O VI λλ1032,1038 ultraviolet lines, which can be detected with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE ) and here we r...

OBJECTIVE Postresuscitative mild hypothermia lowers mortality, reduces neurologic impairment after cardiac arrest, and is recommended by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. The European Resuscitation Council Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Registry was founded to monitor implementation of therapeutic hypothermia, to observe feasibility of adherence to the guidelines, and to d...

In both continuous casting of steel slabs and direct chill (DC) casting of aluminum alloy ingots, water is used to cool the mold in the initial stages of solidification, and then below the mold, where it is in direct contact with the newly solidified surface of the metal. Water cooling affects the product quality by (1) controlling the heat removal rate that creates and cools the solid shell an...