The study is aimed at quantifying the relative contribution of key heat transfer modes in lyophilization. Measurements of vial heat transfer rates in a laboratory-scale freeze-dryer were performed using pure water, which was partially sublimed under various conditions. The separation distance between the shelf and the vial was systematically varied, and sublimation rates were determined gravime...

This study examines various dynamical and thermodynamical processes that characterize the Madden– Julian oscillation (MJO). Episodes of deep convection related to the MJO based on rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) are identified. Although broad convective envelopes are located utilizing spectrally ...

The aim of the present work was to study the shrinkage phenomenon during convective drying of papaya cubes and relate its extension with glass transition. A convective tray dryer was used for the experiments, which were carried out at air temperatures of 40 and 70°C and air velocity of 1.0m/s. The shrinkage behaviour was accomplished by total area and apparent volume alterations along drying. S...

The Problem of convective flow in fluid saturated porous medium has been the subject of several resent papers. Interest in understanding the convective transport processes in porous material is increasing owing to the development of geothermal energy technology, high performance insulation for building and cold storage, renewed interest in the energy efficient drying processes and many other ar...

Thermally dried thermophilic K. marxianus has proved to be an effective starter culture for whey fermentation. Convective drying of K. marxianus can be performed effectively in the range 35-60 o C. The best drying temperature for is considered 35 o C since it is the most cost effective without any substantial difference in kinetic parameters when compared with higher temperatures. The impact of...

Observations from the International Winter Monsoon Experiment (Winter MONEX) have been used to determine temperature changes in the lower troposphere beneath the stratiform components of tropical mesoscale convective systems. It is found that while the apparent heat source Q1 in the lower troposphere beneath the stratiform cloud systems is negative (due to hydrometeor melting and evaporation), ...

Examination of the upper-air sonde data taken in conjunction with the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) revealed that data at several sites in the core monsoon region exhibited a significant dry bias. In this study, a simple, yet effective, statistical correction technique is applied to correct this dry bias. In addition, a second correction is applied to all Vaisala RS80-H sondes to rem...