an equitable risk allocation between contracting parties plays a vital role in enhancing the performance of the project. this research presents a new quantitative risk allocation approach by integrating fuzzy logic and bargaining game theory. owing to the imprecise and uncertain nature of players’ payoffs at different risk allocation strategies, fuzzy logic is implemented to determine the value...

public hospitals can privatize management activities by contracting with a private organization or person to perform the work. management contract is a method which uses private sector for major government projects like hospitals. this review study evaluated management contract conditions in selected countries. we focused on services under contract, different forms of management contract, metho...

Far-right parties have been increasingly spreading throughout Europe since 1980s; they have attracted the attention of many voters, especially the youth and the workers by campaigning against immigration and multiculturalism. Through an anti-establishment approach, these parties have become mainly mistrustful of the mainstream politics articulating themselves as the true voice of the people and...

We consider a class of dynamic collective action problems in which either a single principal or two competing principals vie for the support of members of a group. We focus on the dynamic problem that emerges when agents negotiate and commit their support to principals sequentially. A danger for the agents in this context is that a principal may be able to succeed by exploiting competition amon...

In negotiating complex business transactions, parties decide whether, when and how to invite legal enforcement of the rules that govern their relationships, particularly in their use of intermediate agreements that reflect some agreement on a number of provisions but contemplate further negotiation (variously labelled memorandum of understanding, agreement in principle, letter of intent, term s...

the 1965 washington convention on the settlement of investment disputes between states and nationals of other states created international center for settlement of investment disputes (icsid). this center conducts investment disputes arbitration according to the rules of the convention. the choice of law rules of the washington convention have been provided in article 42. second sentence of art...

The absence of a conceptual definition Bank Guarantee has resulted in different interpretations from one bank to another translating the applicable regulations. Some legal experts questioned standard contract because it is considered not provide room for negotiation between contracting parties and tends create an imbalance rights obligations debtor customer. guarantee plays role when customer d...

We analyze a rational-expectations model of price formation in an intermediategood market under uncertainty. There is a continuum of …rms, each consisting of a party who can reduce production cost and a party who can discover information about demand. Both parties can make speci…c investments at private cost, and there is a machine that either party can control. As in incomplete-contracting mod...

continuum, allowing for intermediate cases, e.g. trading in an area where industry trading practices are well established and accepted. A central issue for open electronic contracting is in representing and negotiating the ways of doing business among the parties. For instance, is the purchase to be prepaid or post-paid? Will an invoice be sent? Is a receipt required for delivery? In convention...