This article presents a new implementation of hierarchical clustering for the R language that allows one to apply spatial or temporal contiguity constraints during process. The need constraint arises, instance, when wants partition map into different domains similar physical conditions, identify discontinuities in time series, group regional administrative units with respect their performance, ...

The study deals with making a distinction between the terms “concept” and “notion”, on one hand, “frame”, “gestalt” “image”, other. survey shows that researchers are not unanimous in their opinion regarding both typology of cognitive structures content. Relevant classifications indicate clearly frame, gestalt image most regular categories, so, understanding content, apart from relationship to e...

In a baseline condition, pigeons chose between an alternative that always provided food following a 30-s delay (100% reinforcement) and an alternative that provided food half of the time and blackout half of the time following 30-s delays (50% reinforcement). The different outcomes were signaled by different-colored keylights. On average, each alternative was chosen approximately equally often,...

A CENTURY OF " UNITY IN CONTIGUITY " Hundred years is a very small time span in the history of mankind, but the last one hundred is by no means small. T r e m e n d o u s p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m a d e i n m a n y f i e l d s o f science including Neuroscience. Probably it was recognized that this would be the case exactly a century ago when the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for the...

almost all countries have faced the urbanization. in the long run, changes in the production technology have caused migration from rural to urban areas. existing cities have grown and new ones have been created. this is named as “urban development” in the urban literature. cites are created because of economies of scale in production and consumption. there are different cities with different si...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied to many optimization problems successfully in recent years. The genetic algorithm (GAs) and evolutionary programming (EP) are two di!erent types of EAs. GAs use crossover as the primary search operator and mutation as a background operator, while EP uses mutation as the primary search operator and does not employ any crossover. This paper proposes...

Spatial information comes in two forms: direct spatial information (for example, retinal position) and indirect temporal contiguity information, since objects encountered sequentially are in general spatially close. The acquisition of spatial information by a neural network is investigated here. Given a spatial layout of several objects, networks are trained on a prediction task. Networks using...