a new efficient method for the synthesis of carboacyclic nucleosides as biologically interesting compounds via aza-conjugate addition of pyrimidine nucleobases to a,β-unsaturated esters in the presence of catalytic amount of lioh.h2o (1.2-4.8 mol%) under microwave irradiation is described. this method affords the title compounds in good to excellent yields and in short reaction times.

This tutorial describes the classic method of conjugate directions: the generalization of the conjugate-gradient method in iterative least-square inversion. I derive the algebraic equations of the conjugate-direction method from general optimization principles. The derivation explains the “magic” properties of conjugate gradients. It also justifies the use of conjugate directions in cases when ...

Levels of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) can be altered by the formation and hydrolysis of IAA conjugates. The isolation and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with reduced IAA-conjugate sensitivity and wild-type IAA responses is advancing the understanding of auxin homeostasis by uncovering the factors needed for conjugate metabolism. For example, the discovery that ...

Photodynamic therapy has been applied quite extensively over the last few years, whereby the activation of photosensitizers by light causes the production of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, which is cytotoxic. The goal of this study was the enhancement of the photodynamic activity of photosensitizers through their delivery to specific, sensitive intracellular compartments of tar...

Previous studies have shown that cisplatin requires metabolic activation to become nephrotoxic. The activation is proposed to be via the metabolism of a glutathione-platinum conjugate to a cysteinyl-glycine-platinum conjugate, which is further processed to a cysteine conjugate. Preincubating cisplatin with glutathione (GSH), cysteinyl-glycine, or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) results in a transient in...

It is well-known that the Legendre-Fenchel conjugate of a positive-definite quadratic form can be explicitly expressed as another positive-definite quadratic form, and that the conjugate of the sum of several positive-definite quadratic forms can be expressed via inf-convolution. However, the Legendre-Fenchel conjugate of the product of two positive-definite quadratic forms is not clear at pres...

Hen egg lysozyme-carboxymethyl dextran (HEL-CMD) conjugate was prepared by using water-soluble carbodiimide as a model protein-acidic polysaccharide conjugate for improving the protein function. An acid-amide bond between HEL and CMD was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing and IR spectra. The molar ratio of CMD to HEL in the conjugate was 1:1. The isoelectric point of the conjugate was ...

BACKGROUND We recently showed that vaccination with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) followed by a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) failed to prevent new episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) in previously unvaccinated toddlers and children with a history of recurrent AOM. We describe in detail the impact of pneumococcal vaccinations on nasopharyngeal carria...

This paper describes a numerical implementation in Maple V R. 5 of an algorithm to compute the Legendre–Fenchel conjugate, namely the Linear-time Legendre Transform algorithm. After a brief motivation on the importance of the Legendre–Fenchel transform, we illustrate the information the conjugate gives (how to test for convexity or compacity, and how to smooth a convex function), with several e...