In the case of the African conflicts, the issue of children in war was initially the prerogative of humanitarian organizations. Moreover, interest in this issue is relatively recent. In the 1990s, sub-Saharan Africa was marked by a long series of civil conflicts (in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Burundi, Rwanda, CongoBrazzaville, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ivory Coast, etc.)...

A Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) had previously been taught to use English count words ("one" through "sih" [six]) to label sets of one to six individual items (Pepperberg, 1994). He had also been taught to use the same count words to label the Arabic numerals 1 through 6. Without training, he inferred the relationship between the Arabic numerals and the sets of objects (Pepperberg, 2006b). ...

In this paper, we explain and explore the idea that knowledge is similar to mass in physics: similarly to how mass curves space-time, knowledge curves the corresponding knowledge space. 1 Knowledge Geometry How to detect that two objects are different? Let us start with the following sample situation. To observe wild parrots, an ornithologist sets up a feeder. Every morning, a parrot appears, a...

This chapter focuses on mobilising sustainable investment in Central Africa’s nine countries [Burundi, Cameroon, the African Republic (CAR), Chad, of Congo (Congo), Democratic (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and São Tomé Príncipe]. It analyses region’s financial inflows considers how they are allocated to activities that promote regional integration. then proposes a case study potential monetis...

This research assesses informal markets that dominate pharmaceutical systems in severely disrupted countries and identifies areas for further investigation. Findings are based on recent academic papers, policy and grey literature, and field studies in Somalia, Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Haiti. The public sector in the studied countries is characterized in part by weak Min...

Les auteurs rapportent l’accouchement par voie basse des jumeaux conjoints thoracopage méconnu qui s’était soldé par l’enclavement du fœtus, première tête hors vulve, compliqué d’une rupture utérine à l’hôpital de base de Talangaï à Brazzaville, République du Congo. Pan African Medical Journal. 2011; 8:48 This article is available online at: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article...

Parrots (Psittaciformes) are a diverse group of birds, which need urgent protection. However, many taxa from this order have an unresolved status, which makes their conservation difficult. One of species-rich parrot genus is Amazona, which is widely distributed in the New World. Here we describe a new Amazona form, which is endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula. This parrot is clearly separable from...

L. BOTTONI 1,2, R. MASSA 1 and D. LENTI BOERO 3,4 1 Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e del Territorio, Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20136 Milano, Italy 3 Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Università di Urbino, Via Saffi 15, I-60129 Urbino-PS, Italy 4 Laboratorio di Bioacustica e Analisi Comparativa del Comportamento e delle Funzioni Cognitive, Facoltà...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and S.enterica serovar Enteritidis are the most frequently isolated serovars from food-borne diseases throughout the world. According to their antigenic profiles, salmonella shows different disease syndromes and host specificities. It is necessary and important to discriminate salmonella serovars from each other in order to ensure that each pathogen and i...