background: one of the domains of scientific activities is working on animals. performing experiments on animals is per­missible only with the purpose of obtaining necessary information for saving and improving life of human be­ings or ani­mals. principally, all religions believe that human life is more valuable than animal life and humans have a god-given au­thority over animals, but they shou...

This paper explores adverse selection in the voluntary and compulsory individual annuity markets in the United Kingdom. Two empirical regularities support standard models of adverse selection. First, annuitants are longer-lived than non-annuitants. These mortality differences are more pronounced in the voluntary than in the compulsory annuity market. We estimate that the amount of adverse selec...

An editorial in The Lancet Oncology stated “It could be argued that since access to—and resources for—cancer treatment are so limited in developing countries, the answer lies in a greater reliance on generic drugs.” We agree, but the real question is how best can such generic drug production be stimulated? India provides one model to answer this question. India encouraged generic production fi ...

Education yields substantial non-monetary benefits, but the size of these gains is still debated. Previous studies report causal effects of education and compulsory schooling on mortality ranging anywhere from zero to large and negative. Using data from 18 compulsory schooling reforms implemented in Europe during the twentieth century, we quantify the average mortality gain and explore its disp...

BACKGROUND Following the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, Canada was among the first countries globally to amend its patent law, which resulted in Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR). CAMR allows the production and export of generic drugs to developing countries without the requisite manufacturing capacity to undertake a domestic compulsor...

Introduction While there has been considerable scrutiny by both domestic courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) of issues of contested medical treatment, little judicial attention has addressed the exercise of public health powers. Indeed, the role of law in public health has been much neglected at both judicial and academic level. This is on one level surprising, given the vulner...

October 4, 2013 Type Package Title Gene selection based on the marginal distributions of gene profiles that characterized by a mixture of three-component multivariate distributions Version 2.4.0 Date 2012-11-14 Author Jarrett Morrow , Weiliang Qiu , Wenqing He , Xiaogang Wang , Ross Lazarus <ros...