In response to concerns that jury awards in tort cases are excessive and unpredictable, nearly every state legislature has enacted some version of tort reform that is intended to curb extravagant damage awards. One of the most important and controversial reforms involves capping (or limiting) the maximum punitive damage award. We conducted a jury analogue study to assess the impact of this refo...

Increased insulin demand resulting from insulin resistance and/or overnutrition induces a compensatory increase in β-cell mass. The physiological factors responsible for the compensation have not been fully characterized. In zebrafish, overnutrition rapidly induces compensatory β-cell differentiation through triggering the release of a paracrine signal from persistently activated β-cells. We id...

Answering questions by N. Bank and F.H. Epstein, J.-P. Guignard stated that the increase in sodium excretion (?) with bicarbonate excretionfollowing clamping ofthe contralateral renal pedicle in dogs could not be ascribed to an increase in extracellular volume because, in his experiments, extracellular volume was kept constant by adapting the infusion rates to the urineflow observed in the prec...

The capacity of skeletal and cardiac muscle to increase in size in response to increased physiological demand is well known. However, little is known of either the biochemical mechanisms involved in this compensatory hypertrophy or the cellular and physiological changes resulting from this growth process. Studies of protein synthesis during work-induced hypertrophy are relevant to such question...

Rationale and Objectives Although lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been widely employed as a therapeutic strategy for pulmonary emphysema, the procedure carries significant disadvantages, including significant operative mortality and a limited duration of effective response. Pulmonary resection is known to elicit compensatory growth in remnant lung tissues, however, it remains unclear w...

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Although lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been widely used as a therapeutic strategy for pulmonary emphysema, the procedure carries significant disadvantages, including significant operative mortality and a limited duration of effective response. Pulmonary resection is known to elicit compensatory growth in remnant lung tissues; however, it remains unclear wheth...

The effects of a drug, the response you observe after administration, usually result from changes in physiological functions that lie well “downstream” from the primary site of drug action. In addition, the signaling pathways are making network in human body, so changing one system can affect the function of many other systems. Therefore the observed responses may represent both “direct” effect...

The effectiveness of caloric restriction (CR) as a treatment for obesity varies considerably between individuals. Reasons for this interindividual variation in weight loss in response to CR may lie in pre-existing individual differences and/or individual differences in compensatory responses. Here we studied the responses of 127 MF1 mice to 30% CR over four weeks, and investigated whether pre-e...