Chickens have been in Papua New Guinea since the time of the Austronesian settlements some 2000-3000 years ago. In historical times, new types of poultry were introduced. Chicken keeping slowly spread but only recently into the highlands. From the late 1960s through the 1980s, serious attempts were made to improve village poultry production through the distribution of dualpurpose chickens and M...

Many microorganisms, especially bacteria, produce biosurfactants when grown on water-immiscible substrates. Biosurfactants are more effective, selective, environmentally friendly, and stable than many synthetic surfactants. Most common biosurfactants are glycolipids in which carbohydrates are attached to a long-chain aliphatic acid, while others, like lipopeptides, lipoproteins, and heteropolys...