-The ant colony optimization takes insipiration from the foraging behavior of some ant species.These ants deposits pheromone on the ground in order to make some suitable path that should be followed by other members of the colony.The goal of this paper is to introduce ant colony optimization and to survey its most notable applications.In this paper we focus on some research efforts directed at ...

Ant colony optimization is a metaheuristic approach belonging to the model based search algorithm. It is a paradigm for designing metaheuristic algorithm for combinatorial problem. In this paper we discuss the Ant colony system. Ant colony system is one of the best algorithm of ant colony optimization. First we discuss the optimization,and one of the optimization problem is combinatiorial probl...

As colonial Indonesia never was intended to be a “settler colony”, many Dutch citizens spent only certain period of their lives there before returning the Netherlands. However, were also Europeans, with Asian-European roots, who had called colony home for generations and forced leave that after 1945.

Healthcare professionals usually should make complex decisions with far reaching consequences and associated risks in health care fields. As it was demonstrated in other industries, the ability to drill down into pertinent data to explore knowledge behind the data can greatly facilitate superior, informed decisions to ensue the facts. Nature has always inspired researchers to develop models of ...

A laboratory colony of western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was selected for resistance to transgenicmaize expressing the eCry3.1Ab protein. The selected colony was developed by rearing larvae on nonelite noncommercial Bt maize expressing the eCry3.1Ab protein. After four generations, selected and control colonieswere screened on eCry3.1Ab-expressing and isoline maize u...

Colony development, which includes hyphal extension, branching, anastomosis, and asexual sporulation, is a fundamental aspect of the life cycle of filamentous fungi; genetic mechanisms underlying these phenomena are poorly understood. We conducted transcriptional profiling during colony development of the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, using 70-mer oligonucleotide microarrays. Rela...

Sylvatic plague (Yersinia pestis) is an exotic pathogen that is highly virulent in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) and causes widespread colony losses and individual mortality rates>95%. We investigated colony spatial characteristics that may influence inter-colony transmission of plague at 3 prairie dog colony complexes in the Great Plains. The 4 spatial characteristics we con...