1.Introduction 1.1Overview (1)研究全体の目的 ・協同がどのように抽象的で柔軟な問題解決へ導くか説明する。 :そのために、2 つの要因の議論に基づいて説明をする 1外的ソースの利用 2役割の変遷:Moniter と Doer ・この論文ではこれらの要因が相互作用をして解を生成することを示す (2)人間の高次の認知形態は内的ソースと外的ソースの相互作用 :外的ソース:物理的、社会的な環境 :内的ソース:積み上げられて構成された知識 ・問題解決プロセス 1外的環境における利用できるものの活用から始まる 2解を選別、統合してスキーマや抽象的な表象へ発展させ蓄積する 3新しい問題にそれを適用 ・抽象度の異なる解を多く生成することがキーであり協同によってこれがなされる ・外的ソースと内的ソースの相互作用を研究することが生産的な学習を促進する環境のデ ザインへと貢献す...

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that quantifiers in natural languages do not have a fixed truth functional meaning as has long been held in logical semantics. Instead we suggest that quantifiers can best be modeled as complex inference procedures that are highly dynamic and sensitive to the linguistic context, as well as time and memory

OBJECTIVE The present study compared the effects of a variety of mobile phone usage conditions to different levels of alcohol intoxication on simulated driving performance and psychomotor vigilance. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers participated in a crossover design in which each participant completed a simulated driving task on 2 days, separated by a 1-week washout period. On the mobile pho...

Sphingolipids are important in many brain functions but their role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not completely defined. A major limit is availability of fresh brain tissue with defined AD pathology. The discovery that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains abundant nanoparticles that include synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles offer an accessible sample to study these organelles, whil...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Theoretically, proton ((1)H) MR spectroscopy at a higher field strength has the advantages of higher signal-to-noise ratio and improved spectral resolution. We therefore compared the ability of single-voxel (1)H MR spectroscopy at 1.5 and 3 T to diagnostically discriminate among cognitively normal elderly subjects, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patien...

BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in early Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated the stability of PD-MCI over time to determine its clinical utility as a marker of disease. METHODS 212 newly diagnosed participants with PD were recruited into a longitudinal study and reassessed after 18 and 36 months. Participants completed a range of clinical and neuropsychological assessm...

OBJECTIVES The Northwestern University SuperAging Program studies a rare cohort of individuals over age 80 with episodic memory ability at least as good as middle-age adults to determine what factors contribute to their elite memory performance. As psychological well-being is positively correlated with cognitive performance in older adults, the present study examined whether aspects of psycholo...