The energy efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and carbon efficiency of paddy rice production were analysed in Sari in the Mazandaran province of Iran during 2011–2012. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with paddy producers. The results showed that the net energy gain was 27,932 MJ ha-1 and energy efficiency was 1.83 during production. The results o...

The introduction of advanced technologies by the Industry 4.0 phase at national enterprises is in initial stages and requires economic support from state. system financial stimulation for smart-industrial development should combine monetary (monetary credit) fiscal (tax budget) incentives. To ensure validity optimality choice list such measures, it relevant to build scenarios industry using mat...

To investigate the characteristics of total factor productivity and its influencing factors in china’s soybean. Cobb-Douglas production function model is used in this study. The data is based on the period from 1990 to 2007, and C-D production function is applied twicely. The results of this study indicate that total factor productivity grows at 0.42% annually, the changes fluctuate apparently....

The attack levels of plant pest organisms (PPO) highly influence the productivity paddy rice farming. With increasing human awareness dangers using pesticides, especially for environment and health, PPO control prioritizes preventive by applying principles integrative management (IPM), which application healthy crop cultivation, routine observation, utilization natural enemies farmers as IPM ex...

This paper considers second-best congestion pricing in the monocentric city, with endogenous residential density and endogenous labour supply. A spatial general equilibrium model is developed that allows consideration of the three-way interactions between urban density, traffic congestion and labour supply. Congestion pricing schemes are analyzed that are second-best ‘by design’ (and not becaus...

A major limitation in applying the tools of dynamic programming to many economic problems has been the lack of a general theory for the case where returns are unbounded. Except for a few special cases where closed form solutions are available (linear-quadratic models and the log-Cobb Douglas growth model being the leading examples), recursive methods have not been useful. Here we establish that...

It is generally accepted that the three major dimensions of project success are time, budget, and quality. Most of the research in project planning is focused on the time-cost trade-off, and only a few papers have considered the three dimensions together. This paper describes the evolution of formulations for optimising project time-cost and quality, and continues by developing a new, non-linea...