BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to determine possible contributory impact of malaria infection on some biochemical markers in subjects with HIV co-infection in order to know if they are adverse or protective. METHODS Participants were recruited at the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria and grouped into: (i)...

Co-infecting parasites and pathogens remain a leading challenge for global public health due to their consequences for individual-level infection risk and disease progression. However, a clear understanding of the population-level consequences of co-infection is lacking. Here, we constructed a model that includes three individual-level effects of co-infection: mortality, fecundity, and transmis...

BACKGROUND In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis co-occur, and mixed species infections containing both Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni can be common. During co-infection, interactions between these two species are possible, yet the extent to which such interactions influence disease dynamics or the outcome of control efforts remains poorly unders...

The dynamics of directly transmitted pathogens in natural populations are likely to result from the combined effects host traits, pathogen biology, and interactions among within a host. Discovering how these factors work concert shape variation host–multi-pathogen systems is fundamental understanding population health. Here, we describe temporal incidence then elucidate effect hosts trait, seas...

Multiple infections are intensively studied because of their consequences for the health of the host but also because they can radically alter the selective pressures acting on parasites. I discuss how multiple infections have been modelled in evolutionary epidemiology. First, I briefly mention within-host models, which are at the root of these epidemiological models. Then, I present the super-...