high temperatures are often encountered in almost all of the combustion systems, therefore, thermal radiation heat transfer can influence the droplets heat up rate and consequently their life time. in this paper, the effect of thermal radiation heat transfer is investigated for two cases of directional and spherically symmetric illuminations. the flow and temperature fields insdie and outside o...

This paper presents a simple conceptual model to explain that even spherical scatterers lead to a polarization difference signal for microwave limb radiances. The conceptual model relates the polarization difference measured by a limb-looking sensor situated inside a cloud with the anisotropy of the radiation. In the simulations, it was assumed that the cloud consists of spherical ice particles...

introduction the exposure of human beings to ionizing radiation from natural sources is a continuing and inescapable feature of life on earth. for most individuals, this exposure exceeds that from all man-made sources combined. materials and methods in this study, the annual effective dose in high level environmental background radiation areas (hlebras) of northern city of ramsar in iran was de...

While cloud computing is growing at a remarkable speed, privacy issues are far from being solved. One way to diminish privacy concerns is to store data on the cloud in encrypted form. However, encryption often hinders useful computation cloud services. A theoretical approach is to employ the so-called fully homomorphic encryption, yet the overhead is so high that it is not considered a viable s...

Clouds are important players in the global radiation budget with low-level water clouds being one of the most influential types. Classified as stratocumulus and stratus, these water clouds cover 34% of oceans and 18% of land at any given time (Considine et al. 1997). A 50% plus global coverage, a high albedo when compared to the ocean, and temperatures comparable to the surface causes the low s...

Clouds play a crucial role in radiative energy budget and water cycle in the earth-atmosphere system. In order to understand such processes as global warming and to improve assessment of climate change, it is necessary to develop climate models, which properly take into account radiation and cloud processes. In addition, it is also important to improve satellite monitoring systems for measuring...

Background: Ionizing radiation is present in all environment of the Earth’s surface, beneath the Earth and in the atmosphere. Human beings are exposed to external radiation from their surroundings naturally and also to internal radiation from food, water and air they consume. Then, it is important to measure and develop knowledge about radiation. Objective: This study is designed to evalu...

The development of a sensitive filter radiometer for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program has been reported by Platt et al. (1994, 1995). The aim was to develop a reliable and fast instrument that could be used alongside a lidar to obtain near realtime optical properties of clouds, particularly high ice clouds, as they drifted over an ARM Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site a...

A cloud detection algorithm based on ground-based remote sensors has been developed that can differentiate among various atmospheric targets such as ice and water clouds, virga, precipitation, and aerosol layers. Standard cloud type and macrophysical properties are identified by combining polarization lidar, millimeter-wave radar, infrared radiometer, and dual-channel microwave radiometer measu...

We perform linear analysis of thermal instability in a contracting large cloud filled with warm H I gas and investigate the effect of metallicity and radiation flux. When the cloud reaches critical density n f , the cloud fragments into cool, dense condensations because of thermal instability. For a lower metallicity gas cloud, the value of n f is high. Collision between condensations will prod...