By considering the energy cost of messages carried by proteins as proportional to their information content we found experimental proof that proteins from all living organisms tend to have their estimated semantic content of information per unit mass, statistically, close to a constant. Thus, in the message carried by proteins −to achieve minimum energy waste− the rate of information content pe...

Children in single-parent families, particularly children born to unmarried parents, are at high risk for experiencing material hardship. Previous research based on cross-sectional data suggests that father involvement, especially visitation, diminishes hardship. This article uses longitudinal data to examine the associations between nonresident fathers' involvement with their children and mate...

This paper provides simple approximations for evaluating option prices and implied volatilities under stochastic volatility. Simple recursive formulae are derived that can easily be implemented in spreadsheets. The traditional random walk assumption, dominating in the analysis of financial markets, is compared with mean reversion which is often more relevant in commodity markets. Deterministic ...

In the title compound, C23H18N2O2, the pyrazole ring subtends dihedral angles of 2.01 (13) and 1.55 (10)° with the pendant benzene ring and the naphthalene ring system, respectively. The mol-ecule is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for the 27 non-H atoms = 0.025 Å) and intra-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds both close S(6) loops. In the crystal, very weak aromatic π-π stacking inter-act...

In the title compound, C(13)H(18)ClNO(4), the two meth-oxy groups at the meta positions of the attached benzene ring are close to being coplanar with the ring [the meth-oxy C atoms deviate by 0.267 (7) and 0.059 (7) Å], whereas the third meth-oxy group at the para position is not coplanar with the benzene ring [methoxy C atom deviates by 1.100 (6) Å]. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into ...

In the title compound, C17H14O5, the dimeth-oxy-substituted benzene ring is twisted relative to the 4H-chromenon skeleton (r.m.s. deviation = 0.015 Å) by 5.2 (4)°. The C atoms of the meth-oxy groups lie close to the plane of their attached benzene ring [deviations = 0.036 (3) and 0.290 (3)Å for the meta and para substituents, respectively]. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond closes an S(5) ...

In the title mol-ecule, C(18)H(15)N(3)O(2), the dihedral angle between the quinoline and benzimidazole ring systems is 23.57 (5)°. The C atoms of the meth-oxy groups are both close to being coplanar with their attached ring systems [deviations = 0.193 (2) and -0.020 (2) Å]. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring. In the crystal, N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into ...

In the title compound, C(13)H(13)NO(4), the dihedral angle between the nine-membered phthalimino ring system and the carb-oxy-lic acid group is 67.15 (9)°. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O close contact, which forms an S(6) ring, may help to establish the mol-ecular conformation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, thereby forming C(7) chains propagating in [010].

In the title compound, C(26)H(25)FN(4)OS, the thienopyrimidine fused-ring system is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.066 Å), with a maximum deviation of 0.1243 (17) Å for the N atom adjacent to the carbonyl group. This ring system forms dihedral angles of 67.5 (1) and 88.9 (1) ° with the adjacent six-membered rings. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding and C-H⋯π inter-actions help to sta...