نتایج جستجو برای: climate elements
تعداد نتایج: 443615 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
Air pollution and climate change are threats to maintaining ecological health of protected areas. Protected Area managers require a meaningful way to measure impacts of these threats. Lichens provide a relevant, sensitive and measurable indicator for long-term monitoring. Hundreds of studies have linked lichen communities to air quality, and several long-term lichen monitoring programs in Europ...
We present a finite element algorithm of a climate diagnostic model that takes as a climate indicator the atmospheric sea-level temperature. This model belongs to the category of energy balance models introduced independently by the climatologists M.I. Budyko and W.D. Sellers in 1969 to study the influence of certain geophysical mechanisms on the Earth climate. The energy balance model we are d...
Abstract. With progressing global warming, there is an increased risk that one or several tipping elements in the climate system might cross a critical threshold, resulting severe consequences for climate, ecosystems and human societies. While underlying processes are fairly well-understood, it unclear how their interactions impact overall stability of Earth's system. As yet, this cannot be ful...
Current public health strategies, policies, and measures are being modified to enhance current health protection to climate-sensitive health outcomes. These modifications are critical to decrease vulnerability to climate variability, but do not necessarily increase resilience to future (and different) weather patterns. Communities resilient to the health risks of climate change anticipate risks...
Policy makers have now recognised the need to integrate thinking about climate change into all areas of public policy making. However, the discussion of ‘climate policy integration’ has tended to focus on mitigation decisions mostly taken at international and national levels. Clearly, there is also a more locally focused adaptation dimension to climate policy integration, which has not been ade...
The Iberian viticultural regions are convened according to the Denomination of Origin (DO) and present different climates, soils, topography and management practices. All these elements influence the vegetative growth of different varieties throughout the peninsula, and are tied to grape quality and wine type. In the current study, an integrated analysis of climate, soil, topography and vegetat...
The literature survey reviews our present understanding of the Madden Julian Oscillation. This perturbation to the circulation of the tropical atmosphere involves anomalies in climate elements such as pressure, wind, outgoing long wave radiation, and temperature. It is successfully simulated by the present generation of general climate and atmospheric general circulation models. The literature ...
Climate change and biological invasions are key processes affecting global biodiversity, yet their effects have usually been considered separately. Here, we emphasise that global warming has enabled alien species to expand into regions in which they previously could not survive and reproduce. Based on a review of climate-mediated biological invasions of plants, invertebrates, fishes and birds, ...
Key limitations of integrated assessment models (IAMs) are their highly stylized and aggregated representation of climate damages and associated economic responses, as well as the omission of specific investments related to climate change adaptation. This paper proposes a framework for modeling climate impacts and adaptation that clarifies the relevant research issues and provides a template fo...
Policy interest in the cost of adaptation is growing, but compared to the mitigation literature adaptation cost research is still in its infancy. Global adaptation cost estimates from more recent studies range from around $25 billion a year to well over $100 billion by 2015-2030. The wide range is symptomatic of the poor state of knowledge. Important knowledge gaps remain both in terms of scope...
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