An efficient stomach clamp is one which exerts an even and sufficient pressure across the whole width of the stomach without causing undue trauma at any one point. Very few stomach clamps at present obtainable fulfil these conditions satisfactorily because they ate mainly constructed on the ' bow handle ' principle, or are of the crushing type. All clamps of this type necessarily exert most pre...

The voltage-clamp electrophysiology method is the gold standard for measuring the function of ion channels. In the past, this technique has had limited applicability in pharmaceutical drug discovery because of its low throughput, steep learning curve, and challenges in standardization of the experiments. Recently, new electrophysiology platforms have been developed, which are based on the use o...

Much of what we know about the properties of ion channels in cell membranes has come from experiments using voltage clamp. In general, the method allows ion flow across a cell membrane to be measured as electric current, whilst the membrane voltage is held under experimental control with a feedback amplifier. The method was first developed by Cole (1949) and Hodgkin et al. (1952) for use with t...

Responses of individual neurons to ongoing input are highly variable, reflecting complex threshold dynamics. Experimental access to this threshold dynamics is required in order to fully characterize neuronal input-output relationships. The challenge is practically intractable using present day experimental paradigms due to the cumulative, non-linear interactions involved. Here we introduce the ...

Replication machines use ring-shaped clamps that encircle DNA to tether the polymerase to the chromosome. The clamp is assembled on DNA by a clamp loader. This report shows that the polymerase and clamp loader coordinate their actions with the clamp by competing for it through overlapping binding sites. The competition is modulated by DNA. In the absence of DNA, the clamp associates with the cl...

As a kind of link terminal in power grid system, clamp has become one the key components and widely used for connecting transmission lines electrical equipment. However, joint between tubular structure plate or drainage is always weak part, which easy to produce defects then accelerate failure during service. This also limited use space certain extent. In this paper, research status on heating ...

Based on the Bouc-Wen model, a nonlinear hysteretic restoring force model is established with dynamic equations. The hardening and softening of material after reaching yield limit are described by force-displacement curve. Gamultiobj algorithm group search optimization (GSO) used to fit identify hysteresis curves, respectively. effectiveness for identifying parameters verified, effects two algo...

This article provides a perspective on the challenges of appropriate glucose measurement in the context of glucose clamp experiments. In a first step, the core outcome parameters of a clamp experiment, the blood glucose target level, and the glucose infusion rate will be identified. The relation of these core parameters to glucose measurement are discussed. From there, the core quality paramete...