Among the bacterial vaccines used for prophylactic measures, Cholera vaccme does not give a complete protection or a satisfactory mass vaccinations result compared with other biologics used for the prevention of other human infectious diseases. This relative failure is partly due to the fact that cholera used to be, for many centuries, a problem in a limited part of Asia and from this asian foc...

BACKGROUND Regional environmental factors have been shown to be related to cholera. Previous work in Bangladesh found that temporal patterns of cholera are positively related to satellite-derived environmental variables including ocean chlorophyll concentration (OCC). METHODS This paper investigates whether local socio-economic status (SES) modifies the effect of regional environmental forces...

BACKGROUND Responding to the high burden of cholera in developing countries, the WHO now considers vaccination as a supplement to the provision of safe drinking water and improved sanitation in the strategy for cholera control in endemic settings. Cultural concepts of illness affect many aspects of public health. In the first step of a two-step strategy to examine determinants of cholera vaccin...

Introductory. 1. Symptoms of Cholera. 2. Sporadic Cholera. 3. Epidemic Cholera. 4. In Relation to Age. 5. In Relation to Sex. 6. The Development of Epidemics. 7. Diffusion of Cholera. 8. In Relation to Rivers. 9. Potable Water. 10. In Relation to " Poison " and " Germs". 11. Atmospheric Conditions. 12. Prevailing Winds and Storms. 13. In Relation to Season. 14. In Relation to Natives and Foreig...

The characteristic motility of cholera vibrios, as viewed through a dark-field microscope, and the adhesiveness of chicken cell-positive vibrios provide a means for rapidly identifying and biotyping cholera vibrios. Dilute suspensions of vibrios, such as one might find in a fresh rectal swab specimen from a cholera patient, when mixed with a 0.25% suspension of chicken erythrocytes in saline, c...

Improving water and sanitation is the preferred choice for cholera control in the long-term. Nevertheless, vaccination is an available tool that has been shown to be a cost-effective option for cholera prevention in endemic countries or during outbreaks. In 2011 the first low-cost oral cholera vaccine for international use was given prequalification by the World Health Organization (WHO). To in...

Common interventions to control the spread of cholera include improving sanitation, hygiene, and access safe drinking water providing epidemic regions with sufficient treatment kits oral vaccines. Due resources limitation, these should be guided by a risk assessment cholera-affected regions, thereby targeting based on their level. Cholera is very challenging because lack precise reliable data. ...

Cholera remains an important global cause of morbidity and mortality, capable of causing periodic epidemic disease. Beginning in August 2008, a major cholera epidemic occurred in Zimbabwe, with 98,585 reported cases and 4,287 deaths. The dynamics of such outbreaks, particularly in nonestuarine regions, are not well understood. We explored the utility of mathematical models in understanding tran...

Analysis of a monthly 18-year cholera time series from Bangladesh shows that the temporal variability of cholera exhibits an interannual component at the dominant frequency of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results from nonlinear time series analysis support a role for both ENSO and previous disease levels in the dynamics of cholera. Cholera patterns are linked to the previously described...

BACKGROUND Cholera epidemics have a recorded history in eastern Congo dating to 1971. A study was conducted to find out the linkage between climate variability/change and cholera outbreak and to assess the related economic cost in the management of cholera in Congo. METHODS This study integrates historical data (20 years) on temperature and rainfall with the burden of disease from cholera in ...