The processing of signals by integrative neurons in the retina and CNS relies strongly on inhibitory synaptic inputs, principally from GABAergic and glycinergic neurons that serve primarily to hyperpolarize postsynaptic neurons. Recent evidence indicates that the neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is the major chloride extrusion system permitting hyperpolarizing inhibitory responses. I...

R. Di Paola Department of Metabolic Medicine L. Pucci University of Pisa, Pisa G. Penno S. Del Prato Unit of Diabetes Brotzu Hospital Cagliari G. P. Piras Chair of Metabolic Disease R. Trevisan University of Padova Institute of Internal Medicine S. Giunti University of Turin Unit for Metabolic Medicine G. C. Viberti KCL Guy’s Hospital London. UK Department of Clinical Science V. Trischitta Univ...

We show that the commonly considered half BPS solutions of eleven dimensional super-gravity and the ten dimensional type II theories, when expressed in terms of E 11 group elements, take the universal form exp(− 1 2 lnN β · H) exp((1 − N)E β). Using this formula we find new potential solutions to the E 11 non-linearly realisations corresponding to active fields which are beyond those in the sup...

Cobalt(I1) ovotransferrin bicarbonate and oxalate ternary complexes were prepared and investigated in the pH range 7-10.5. Cobalt(I1) provides an excellent and unique spectroscopic probe to monitor subtle structural differences in solution between the two sites of ovotransferrin and to investigate the structural dependence on pH. CD spectroscopy on one side and ’H NMR spectroscopy of isotropica...

We previously reported that the human Na(+)/nucleoside transporter pyrimidine-preferring 1 (hCNT1) is electrogenic and transports gemcitabine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, a precursor of the active drug 5-fluorouracil. Nevertheless, a complete electrophysiological characterization of the basic properties of hCNT1-mediated translocation has not been performed yet, and the exact role of adenosine...

Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the three major transport proteins thought to be involved in chloride secretion in teleost fish. If this is the case, the levels of these transporters should be high in chloride cells of seawater-acclimated fish. We therefore examined the influence of salinity on immunolocalization...

The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter isoform1 (NKCC1) is present in many animal cells where it plays prominent roles in regulating cell volume and maintaining intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)]i) above electrochemical equilibrium. We show here that NKCC1 is present and active in cultured oligodendrocytes. Expression of NKCC1 in the rat spinal cord increased during development from postnatal day 6...

K+ plays a catalytic role in AHL Na+ reabsorption via Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2), recycling across luminal K+ channels, so that luminal K+ is not depleted. Based on models of the ascending Henle limb (AHL) epithelium, it has been hypothesized that NH4+ may also catalyze luminal Na+ uptake. This hypothesis requires that luminal NH4+ not be depleted, implying replenishment via either direc...

In the recent past there has been a growing interest in switchable surfactants and stimuli-responsive surface-active particles, since both have surface activity which is either switchable or controllable and they can be recovered and re-used afterwards. Among various triggers the CO2/N2 trigger is particularly environmentally benign. In this paper a facile protocol to obtain switchable surface-...