The energy market has destabilized with the increased economic development of emerging countries, owing to higher global energy demands and an increase in the cost of fossil fuels[1]. In addition, the seriousness of global environmental issues, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and the frequency of abnormal weather, has grown increasingly severe[2]. To resolve these issues, solar photovo...

Introduction Climate change and global warming have drawn worldwide attention in the new century. Concern about possible global warming and the controversy over the claim that it is mainly caused by the greenhouse effect provide motivation for better understanding the mathematics, physics, and chemistry of greenhouse gases. The molecules of these gases trap heat in the form of infrared radiatio...

PHOENICS-2010 has been applied to the simulation of heat transfer within a solar panel design on behalf of the LE2M Laboratory of ICAM, Nantes, France. The panel is assumed to be horizontal and consists of three layers; glass, collector and backboard, with air spaces between. The aim of the panel is to warm air through solar irradiation. The glass and collector gather heat by the "greenhouse ef...

Introduction The use of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable fuel depends on an efficient and inexpensive method of producing the gas. Currently, most hydrogen is produced from steam reformation with hydrocarbons, where water splitting (hydrolysis) is performed by reacting steam to carbon-based fuels. To avoid the use of hydrocarbons and greenhouse gas emissions, hydrolysis is also possible thro...

Geoengineering by injection of reflective aerosols into the stratosphere has been proposed as a way to counteract the warming effect of greenhouse gases by reducing the intensity of solar radiation reaching the surface. Here, climate model simulations are used to examine the effect of geoengineering on the tropical overturning circulation. The strength of the circulation is related to the atmos...

The energy market has destabilized with the increased economic development of emerging countries, owing to higher global energy demands and an increase in the cost of fossil fuels[1]. In addition, the seriousness of global environmental issues, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and the frequency of abnormal weather, has grown increasingly severe[2]. To resolve these issues, solar photovo...

Electricity generation using solar photovoltaic systems pose a unique challenge to improve the efficiency and to minimise the manufacturing cost. Research and development in this area has been expanding as it is environmentally friendly and helps the planet to reduce the greenhouse gas emission while reducing the carbon footprint. As a result, solar photovoltaic (PV) electrical power generation...

Solar UV radiation, climate and other drivers of global change are undergoing significant changes and models forecast that these changes will continue for the remainder of this century. Here we assess the effects of solar UV radiation on biogeochemical cycles and the interactions of these effects with climate change, including feedbacks on climate. Such interactions occur in both terrestrial an...