This review outlines the current and emerging applications of biotechnology, particularly in the production and processing of chemicals, for sustainable development. Biotechnology is "the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents". Some of the defining technologies of modern biotechnology include genetic engineering; culture of reco...

Thermal hazards can be broadly divided into two categories: energy released during desired reaction and energy released during unwanted reaction. The first of these encompasses enthalpies of reaction, crystallisation, melting, and dissolution whilst the second is usually associated with heats of decomposition reaction. The majority of incidents are caused by either equipment failure (e.g. loss ...

The paper discusses the enhancement of inherent safety by index methods. The aim is to study, how well the safety index methods can evaluate inherent safety compared to expert evaluations and Dow Fire and Explosion index values. Studies on four levels of scope from process concept selection to equipment design were done and correlations between indices and expert values calculated. It was found...

176 chromium-exposed and 30 control subjects were selected for this study. Blood samples (3 ml) were collected for the estimation of chromium. The data on chromium concentration indicated a significant higher level of chromium in the blood of the exposed workers as compared to the control. There was no significant correlation between the mean blood and environmental chromium level. This study s...

Advancements in sensors and database technologies have resulted in the collection of huge amounts of process data from chemical plants. A number of process quantities such as temperature, pressure, flow rates, level, composition, and pH can be easily measured. Chemical processes are dynamic systems and are equipped with hundreds or thousands of sensors that generate readings at regular interval...

By using extremely detailed data on European chemical patents, this work focuses on the micro level of research networks. It examines the networks of inventors for the development of innovations. It studies whether the firm or the geographical proximity among inventors influences the probability that inventors collaborate, and the attributes of the outcome patents. The results suggest that the ...

In a typical wastewater treatment fl ow sheet used by several industrial units in Indi a. various stages of treatment include primary treatment. foll owed by secondary treatment . and tertiary treatment. The concentration of total dissolved solids increases during neutrali zation of the wastewater with acid/ alkali during primary treatment. which adversely affects the activity of microorgani sm...