This paper investigates the effects of checks and balances on corruption. Within a presidential system, effective separation of powers is achieved under a divided government, with the executive and legislative branches being controlled by different political parties. When government is unified, no effective separation exists even within a presidential system, but, we argue, can be partially res...

We ran principal component regressions of growth and income on existing measures of institutions to assess which institutions are the most important for economic performance. We varied the sets of variables to search for robust effects of institutions. Our major finding is that broadly defined institutions of checks and balances limiting the power of the executive are the most robust institutio...

Economic theory predicts a positive relationship between property rights and economic growth. However, few developing countries have experienced better economic performance after improving their protection of property rights. The following manuscript addresses this puzzle by directly assessing where property rights reforms have been effective. I argue that multiple, reinforcing credibility mech...

This paper considers the way in which English law can and does play a part in ensuring quality standards in healthcare practice. It examines the enhanced scope for judicial scrutiny of standards of care and the role played by law in the form of statutory regulation. There is an increasing degree of legal involvement in healthcare decision making. The law may provide some effective checks and ba...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis kedudukan DPRD dalam pembentukan, penggabungan, peleburan, pembubaran BUMD. menggunakan metode penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan statute, conceptual case study. Bahan berupa bahan primer sekunder, caraidentifikasi, inventrisasi, klasifikasi, teknik analisis yang bersifat deduktif. Hasil dari menunjukkan bahwa intervensi pada BUMD berkons...

The following science fiction prototypes explore AI’s potential threats to not only our personal and professional lives but also the security of corporations and nations. They expose areas for further research as well as debate. And they reveal the need for engineering and process tools to establish safeguards and for checks and balances to disrupt, mitigate, and recover from these possible dar...

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) results in many physiologic derangements, including activation of the hemostatic and fibrinolytic pathways. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) adds a further insult to the coagulation systems because it involves more extreme hypothermia and organ ischemia related to blood stasis. The abnormalities induced by CPB disrupt the checks and balances in the hemosta...

Key institutions of the pre-modern Middle Eastern economy, all grounded in Islamic law, blocked the development of democratic institutions. This talk identifies three mechanisms that played critical roles. Islam's original tax system failed to produce lasting and credible constraints on governance. The waqfs (Islamic trusts) founded to provide social services to designated constituencies were p...

I argue that the commonly used nominal measure of natural resource dependence -the share of exports of primary products in GNP -understates in growth regressions the negative link between natural resource dependence and per capita GDP growth. I show that using a purchasing power parity adjusted measure yields an economically much larger negative relationship between per capita GDP growth and na...