Actions can create preferences, increasing the value ascribed to commodities acquired at greater cost. This behavioural finding has been observed in a variety of species; however, the causal factors underlying the phenomenon are relatively unknown. We sought to develop a behavioural platform to examine the relationship between effort and reinforcer value in mice trained under demanding or lenie...

The optical-transport properties of 1D Se-doped CdS nanostructures with different doping contents and/or crystallization degrees are reported. The locally excited photoluminescence shows a significant redshift during the transport along the long axis of the 1D structures and can leave enough PL intensity for detection. The magnitude of the redshift is found to be highly dependent on the content...

Photochromism is a chemical process in which a compound undergoes a reversible change between two states having separate absorption spectra, i.e. different color [1]. In our previous work we have published some solutions of problems of measuring photochromic textile sample by standard commercial spectrophotometric systems [2]. Main problem with measurement of kinetic behavior of photochromic pi...

Grid systems, which are composed of autonomous domains, are open and dynamic. In such systems, there are usually a large number of users, the users are changeable, and different domains have their own policies. The traditional access control models that are identity based are closed and inflexible. The Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) model, which makes decisions relying on attributes of r...

Purpose: Consideration of consumer opinion is a key success factor when it comes to developing a new product. However, businesses may lack suitable methods for this, and designers may lack practical training, with both situations meaning that firms are unable to precisely adopt consumer opinions. Moreover, consumer cognitions for a product are widely regarded as changeable and abstract. It is w...

An Adaptive Object Model (AOM) is a common architectural style for systems in which classes, attributes, relationships and behaviors of applications are represented as metadata consumed at runtime. This allows them to be very flexible and changeable at runtime, enabling their modification by end users without source code modification. Nevertheless, this flexibility comes with a cost of a greate...

The design flow rate, the dimensions of transmission structure and penstock size have a large impact on cost run-of-river type hydroelectric power plants. Equipment costs constitute part total budget plant. Optimum sizing, which maximizes use hydraulic potential, does not fit together with optimum is necessary to obtain economic benefit from its investment. main parameters can be selected help ...

This paper focuses on hierarchical-game based multi-attribute negotiation between multiple MAs (Manufacture Agents) and multiple MSAs (Material Supplier Agents) of SCN (Supply Chain Network). The attributes of the wholesale price of the product, the quantity of the order and the lead time of the order are negotiated simultaneously. A modified hierarchical-game based negotiation protocol is prop...

This paper is an introduction to recent research on hidden algebra and its application to software engineering; it is intended to be informal and friendly, but still precise. We rst review classical algebraic speciication for traditional \Platonic" abstract data types like integers, vectors, matrices, and lists. Software engineering also needs changeable \abstract machines," recently called \ob...