mosques always during the islamic period have been as a particular species manifestation of taste and skill of real artists, and like a large canvas have displayed the set of popular arts in any period. in the meantime, stone , despite the difficulty in extracting and cutting, not abandoned ,and at  beginning of the qajar dynasty, trimmer of  this period  following the order and recommend of ma...

Recently, steel fibre reinforced polymers (SFRP) sheets have been introduced for the repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. Few researchers studied the behaviour of the concrete columns wrapped with SFRP sheets; however, several critical parameters such as the cost and ductility effectiveness of the SFRP wrapped concrete columns have been lightly addressed. Thus, the main objective o...

Concrete columns confined with high-strength fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites can enhance the strength as well as the ductility of such structures. In recent years, the use of FRP composites to repair and strengthen existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures has been widely used. When the columns of existing RC structures are wrapped with FRP composites, the core concrete of such col...

The cyclic tests of the columns are of practical relevance to the performance of compression members during earthquake loading. The strength, ductility and energy absorption capabilities of RC columns, subjected to cyclic loading, have been estimated by many researchers. These characteristics are not normally inherent in plain concrete but can be achieved by effectively confining columns throug...

The majority of columns are subjected to a combination of an axial load and a bending moment in one or two directions. With a few exceptions, most of the research in the area of FRP wrapped columns have concentrated on the behaviour of concentrically loaded columns. This paper presents results of testing nine reinforced high strength concrete columns. The column specimens are circular in shape ...

For the first time, grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) analysis is used to characterize the morphology of TiO(2) thin films grown by glancing angle physical vapor deposition (GLAD). According to cross-section scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the films consist of near isotilted TiO(2) columns of different length and width depending on film thickness. The obtained G...

This paper explores the effects o f adding synthetic reinforcing fibres to highstrength reinforced concrete columns and in particular only to the cover o f the columns. An experimental program was conducted where seven circular reinforced concrete columns were tested with varying fibre content one contained no fibres, two contained fibres throughout the cross-section and four contained fibres o...

Here we provide information on ice columns and frozen rills found in late-season snowpacks in and near the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. The presence of ice columns and frozen rills in late season snowpacks may provide insights with which to understand the spatial distribution of preferential flowpaths in melting snowpacks. In July and August of 1996 and 1997 we found ice...

the nondestructive techniques are applied to identify important data from the internal process of distillation towers, process towers, pressure vessels and etc. in recent, the gamma-ray scanning techniques as diagnostic tools for scanning of tray columns, packed columns, storage tanks, level measurement and density measurement of containing materials has been used widely. this paper has tried t...