Dissolution rate studies were conducted with hydroxyapatite and enamel in the presence of adsorbed surfactants. In general, the ability of the surfactant to retard the dissolution rate was directly related to its ability to adsorb onto apatite. Cetylpyridinium chloride adsorbed poorly onto apatite, and its influence on the dissolution rate was marginal. The long-chain protonated amines were muc...

The structure of adult bovine articular cartilage high density proteoglycans (PG-I) was studied by degradation with Pronase, chondroitinase ABC, and alkaline borohydride treatments and fractionation and analysis of the products. The keratan sulfate (KS) peptides were rich in glutamic acid, proline, and serine and had a low glycine content. The chondroitin sulfate (CS) peptides had a high conten...

We describe a simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive spectrophotometric method for measuring urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfate excretion. The GAG sulfates are precipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride, resuspended in water, and mixed with the basic dye 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue to produce a complex with the polyanionic molecule of sulfated GAGs. Absorbance is read at 535 nm. The standard...

Microbial adhesion at the oil-water interface is a subject of both basic interest (e.g., as a technique for the measurement of hydrophobicity) and applied interest (e.g., for use in two-phase oil-water mouthwashes for the desorption of oral microorganisms). In general, surfactants inhibit microbial adhesion to oils and other hydrophobic surfaces. In the present study, we demonstrated that the c...

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a serious problematic pathogen due to the ever-increasing presence of antibiotic resistance, demonstrating a need for novel, broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapeutic options. Antimicrobial nanoemulsions are emulsified mixtures of detergent, oil, and water (droplet size, 100 to 800 nm) which have broad antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viru...

Recently, safety evaluation tests that do not involve animal experiments have been prosperously developing. However, the optimal evaluation materials and methods for assessing ocular irritancy have not been well investigated. In this study, we determined the optimal evaluation method for testing ocular irritation using a human cultured corneal epithelium model (corneal model). In order to asses...

Two antimicrobial agents, a fixed combination of essential oils (EOs) and 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are found in commercially available mouthrinses, Listerine® Antiseptic and Crest® Pro HealthTM, respectively. Both mouthrinses have been shown to control dental plaque and gingivitis in short and longer term studies. The aim of this study was to determine the comparative effectiveness ...

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are measured in urine to screen for mucopolysaccharidoses. Other assay procedures are only qualitative (spot tests), can give false-negative results (spot tests, turbidity tests), or are relatively laborious (uronic acid-carbazole test). The present spectrophotometric procedure, based on the color reaction with dimethylmethylene blue (DMB), can be performed directly on...

In view of zeolite potentiality as a carrier for sustained drug release, a clinoptilolite-rich rock from California (CLI_CA) was superficially modified with cetylpyridinium chloride and loaded with diclofenac sodium (DS). The obtained surface modified natural zeolites (SMNZ) were characterized by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD) and laser light scatteri...