Atomic clocks often have a limited coherence time due to the interactions between the constituent atoms. While it is usually very easy to use fewer atoms to reduce the interactions, this leads to lower signal-to-noise and less precise measurements. This tension between strong interactions and noise seems unavoidable and limits the accuracy of the world’s best cesium clocks, the keepers of inter...

We present a theoretical and experimental study of the efficiency of adiabatic transfer between the Zeeman substates of the cesium ground level, using the D1 F54→48 transition. In order to understand the application of the adiabatic condition to such multistate systems, we examine the separation of their energy eigenstates as a function of the number of participating states. We present a system...

We report measurements of the stability of magneto-optical traps (MOTs) for neutral atoms in the limit of tight confinement of a single atom. For quadrupole magnetic field gradients at the trap center greater than ,1 kGycm, we find that stochastic diffusion of atoms out of the trapping volume becomes the dominant particle loss mechanism, ultimately limiting the MOT size to greater than ,5 mm. W...

Permanent electric dipole moments are important for understanding symmetry breaking in molecular physics, control of chemical reactions, and realization of strongly correlated many-body quantum systems. However, large molecular permanent electric dipole moments are challenging to realize experimentally. We report the observation of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules with bond lengths of ~100 nan...

The discovery of the crown ethers stemmed from efforts to control the catalytic activity of vanadium and copper by complexation with multidentate ligands. The first crown ether, 2,3,11,12-dibenzo-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclo-octadeca-2,11-diene, was obtained in 0.4% yield during an attempt to prepare a phenolic ligand from catechol and bis(2-chloroethyl)ether. This compound, which complexed with...

After nuclear accident in 2011, incineration residue contaminated by radioactive cesium had been produced. Government decided in 2011 that incineration residue with less than 8000 Bq/kg of radioactivity could be disposed of into conventional MSW landfill. Since radioactivity of bottom ash was reported to be low compared with fly ash, it had been disposed of MSW landfill based on the government ...

The function of time-dependent, hyperpolarization-activated inward rectification was analyzed on compound potentials of nonmyelinated axons in the mammalian peripheral nervous system. Isolated rat vagus nerves and fascicles of biopsied human sural nerve were tested in a three-chambered, Vaseline-gap organ bath at 37 degrees C. Inward rectification was assessed by recording the effects of long-l...

the present nuclear leakage crisis from japan is a topic to be discussed in present public health. in radiology, the leaked radioactive elements are considered hazard. here, the author briefly reviews and discusses on two important radio-hazard elements in post nuclear power plant crisis, radioactive iodine and radioactive cesium. based on previous similar nuclear crisis in russia, it is eviden...

A cesium fountain clock is operated utilizing a microwave oscillator that derives its frequency stability from a stable laser by means of a fiber-laser femtosecond frequency comb. This oscillator is based on the technology developed for optical clocks and replaces the quartz-based microwave oscillator commonly used in fountain clocks. As a result, a significant decrease in the frequency instabi...

We have observed for the first time reflection spectra of an electric quadrupole transition for the cesium atom (6 (2)S(1/2)-5 (2)D(5/2)) line at an angle of incidence from theta(c)-11.9 to theta(c)+107.5 mrad, where theta(c) is the critical angle for total reflection. From a comparison with the calculated absorption in the attenuated total reflection, the oscillator strengths for s and p polar...