background: in 1970, human papillomavirus (hpv) was introduced as the main etiologic factor of cervical carcinoma. since there is no possibility of detecting the virus and its subtypes using serological methods and cell culture, the molecular methods such as pcr have particular importance in accurate, early and definite diagnosis of the virus. so, in this research, our goal is to use a propriet...

abstract background and aims: the human papilloma virus was introduced as the major etiological agent in outbreak of cervical cancer in 1970. since it is very difficult to recognize these viruses and their types using the serological tests and cell culture, molecular methods such as pcr are of great importance. therefore, in this study, our goal was to use a multiple specific pcr assay on l1 an...

Cross-protection against non-HPV16/18 types and the emergence of broad spectrum vaccines protecting against multiple HPV types will influence the cost-effectiveness of future screening. To assess this influence we used an individual-based simulation model describing the relation between 14 HPV types and cervical disease, allowing the occurrence of multiple type infections. Screening scenarios f...

Ultrasound of the Cervix—Techniques Initial attempts at evaluating the cervix used transabdominal ultrasound (TAU). Unfortunately, this technique was found to be imperfect, because of (1) fetal parts obscuring the cervix, especially after 20 weeks, (2) the requirement of bladder filling, which can elongate the cervix and mask funneling, and (3) long distance from the probe to the cervix. Transl...

The uterine cervix is highly innervated by the sensory nerves containing neuropeptides which change during pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropeptides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was undertaken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and i...

-The incidence of oncofoetal antigens has been reported to be increased in patients with gynaecological cancers. In this study the incidence of CEA, AFP, and hCG (, subunit) were studied in patients with adenocarcinoma of the ovary, adenocarcinoma of the cervix, and squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix. Using a low cut-off point (CEA 2 5 ,ug/l, AFP 5 ,ug/l, and hCG 3 i.u./l) there is an unacce...

Introduction. Lymphomas are malignant diseases of the lymphocyte lineage. There two basic types lymphoma: Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), whose main characteristic is presence Reed-Sternberg cells, and non-Hodgkin's (NHL), which presents a heterogeneous group diseases, depending on growth rate course disease, they can be indolent (slow-growing) aggressive (fast-growing). Follicular (FL) most common fo...

Preterm labour and resultant preterm birth are the most important problems in perinatology. Countless efforts have failed to establish a single effective treatment of preterm labour, partly because the mechanisms regulating the uterus and cervix during pregnancy are not well understood. New knowledge is needed to inhibit early progression of labour (uterine contractility and cervical ripening),...

Infections of the cervix with Chlamydia trachomatis are common, at least in those groups of sexually active women of child-bearing age who are seen in STD (sexually-transmitted diseases) clinics. Persistent untreated infection presents a hazard to the women themselves during pregnancy and to their infants who may develop chlamydial conjunctivitis. The clinical and laboratory findings in 1009 wo...

BACKGROUND Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy is one of the most frequently performed gynecologic operations, and numerous authors have demonstrated its safety and feasibility. CASE PRESENTATION We practiced in some selected cases simultaneous laparoscopically assisted vaginal total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy using 5 trocars without ut...