Owing to the complexity of spinal surgery, there is a great prevalence of dural tear causing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Many studies focused on suture repair for dural tear to stop CSF leak. Now some new treatment strategies have shown a promising effect that is listed as follows: 1) creating watertight dural closure to stop CSF leak with the help of dural substitute material; and 2) re...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak or shunt overdrainage is a well-known cause of orthostatic headaches and low CSF pressures. We report two cases of orthostatic headache with pneumocephalus on brain imaging. The orthostatic headache developed after drainage of spinal operation site and epidural block. Brain MRI revealed characteristic findings of CSF hypovolemia including pachymeningeal enhancemen...

The functions of the glymphatic system include clearance metabolic waste and modulation water transport in brain, it forms a brain-wide fluid network along with cerebrospinal (CSF) interstitial (ISF). pathway consists periarterial influx CSF, astrocyte-mediated interchange between ISF CSF supported by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on endfeet astrocyte around periarterioles, perivenous efflux CSF. Finally,...

Degeneration of dopamine (DA) containing neurons in the basal ganglia of Parkinsonian patients causes a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the principal metabolite of dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA). Not only are steady state HVA levels depressed, but there is substantial diminution in the rate of HVA accumulation in CSF during the oral administration of probenecid, a dr...

A 44-year-old Chinese man with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma that was treated with radiotherapy presented with fluid in the middle ear. We performed a myringotomy and subsequently made a diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage secondary to osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second reported case of an otogenic CSF leak resulting...

alzheimer disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. increasing evidence suggests that alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is not restricted to the neuronal compartment, but includes strong interactions with immunological mechanisms in the brain. in vitro and animal studies have linked neuroinflammation to alzheimer's disease (ad) pathology. studie...

Serum contains 1-transferrin, and CSF contains 1 and 2 transferrins. The 2-transferrin in CSF is desialylated because of the presence of neuraminidase in the central nervous system. Hence, 2-transferrin is used as a marker of CSF leakage (1 ). Because 1-transferrin was present in serum but absent in drainage fluid, additional neuraminidase activity was suspected. This suspicion was supported by...

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a major part of the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system. The function of the CSF and the tissue that secretes it, the choroid plexus (CP) has traditionally been thought as providing the brain with essential nutrients, removing products of neuronal activity of the central nervous system, and providing mechanical support for the brain's fragile cellu...

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occupies the brain's ventricles and subarachnoid space and, together with the interstitial fluid (ISF), forms a continuous fluidic network that bathes all cells of the central nervous system (CNS). As such, the CSF is well positioned to actively distribute neuromodulators to neural circuits in vivo via volume transmission. Recent in vitro experimental work in brain...

Background: The prevalence of opium addiction among Iranians is considerable. Since endogenous opioid systems may be altered as a consequence of addiction, it is very important to determine the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of morphine in Iranian patients addicted to opiates who will undergo surgery.Methods: We obtained CSF and plasma samples from 50 volunteers with an established...