Many behaviors are composed of a series of elementary motor actions that must occur in a specific order, but the neuronal mechanisms by which such motor sequences are generated are poorly understood. In particular, if a sequence consists of a few motor actions, a primate can learn to replicate it from memory after practicing it for just a few trials. How do the motor and premotor areas of the b...

Epilepsy is neurological disorders that afflict many people around the world with a higher prevalence rate in children and in low income countries. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is result from hippocampal sclerosis is a neurological disorder with difficult treatment. Stem cells can transform into any type of cells such as glial cells, consequently stem cells can use for medical treatment. Stem c...

Complementation of movement and coat proteins of the orchid-infecting potexvirus Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and tobamovirus Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) was investigated. Nicotiana benthamiana, which is susceptible to both CymMV and ORSV, was used as a model system. Four transgenic lines, each harbouring one of the movement protein (MP) or coat protein (CP) genes of CymMV or ORSV, we...

vasculature was once thought to function as a mere conduit for nutrients and hormones. However, recent evidence indicates that this transport system can participate in the dissemination of various signal molecules throughout the plant. Interestingly, these signals include not only traditional signaling factors, such as proteins and growth-regulating small molecules, but also RNA. Once RNA was t...

PI3K activation is one of the most important signal transduction pathways used to transmit signals from cell-surface receptors regulate intracellular processes (cell growth, survival, proliferation and movement). catalytic (and regulatory) subunits play vital roles in normal cell function disease. Progress made developing PI3K-targeted agents as potential therapeutics for treating cancer other ...

calcium-binding proteins play essential roles in the cell. one important class of calcium-binding proteins is the annexin family. this is a family of 13 proteins, which binds to phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner. osteosarcoma cell line (mg-63) is a transformed cell that has many characteristics of the differentiated cell, such as a considerable serum dependency in its growth rate. usi...