Children other than neonates infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have low rates of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Through 1989, 5.3% of 95 infected hemophiliacs aged 5 to 13 years developed AIDS, compared with 20.3% of 364 aged greater than or equal to 25 years. We asked whether the HIV-1 impact on peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations...

A surface-labeled lyophilized lymphocyte (sLL) preparation has been developed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells prelabeled with a fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. The sLL preparation is intended to be used as a reference material for CD4+ cell counting including the development of higher order reference measurement procedures and has been evaluate...

Background Early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), at higher CD4 cell counts, prevents disease progression and reduces sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We describe the temporal trends in CD4 cell counts at the start of cART in adults from low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries (LICs, LMICs, UMICs, and HICs...

Arginase-induced L-arginine deprivation is emerging as a key mechanism for the downregulation of immune responses. We hypothesised that arginase activity increases with disease severity in HIV-seropositive patients. Our results show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 23 HIV-seropositive patients with low CD4(+) T cell counts (≤350 cells/μl) expressed significantly more arginas...

BACKGROUND Adenosine Deaminase Activity (ADA) is a commonly used marker for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. There has been concern about its usefulness in immunocompromised patients, especially HIV positive patients with very low CD4 counts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of ADA in pleural fluid in patients with low CD4 counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS...

OBJECTIVE To determine the degree of correlation between the WHO clinical staging and CD4 T-cell counts in HIV/AIDS adults at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. SUBJECTS One hundread and fifty two newly diagnosed HIV patients were recruited prospectively. Patients were first staged using the 2005 WHO clinical sta...

T cell activation levels, viral load and CD4(+) T cell counts at early stages of HIV-1 infection are predictive of the rate of progression towards AIDS. We evaluated whether the inflammatory profile during primary HIV-1 infection is predictive of the virological and immunological set-points and of disease progression. We quantified 28 plasma proteins during acute and post-acute HIV-1 infection ...

OBJECTIVES To study the spectrum of hematological manifestations and evaluate the relationship between various hematological manifestations and CD4 cell counts in a hospital-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in and around Varanasi, North India. MATERIALS-METHODS The clinical and hematological profiles of the patients attending the Infectious Disease Clinic, Varanasi, India were recorded. Th...

BACKGROUND Survival analysis using time-updated CD4+ counts during antiretroviral therapy is frequently employed to determine risk of clinical events. The time-point when the CD4+ count is assumed to change potentially biases effect estimates but methods used to estimate this are infrequently reported. METHODS This study examined the effect of three different estimation methods: assuming i) a...

In recent years, many states in the United States have passed legislation requiring laboratories to report the names of patients with low CD4 cell counts to their state Departments of Health. This name reporting is an integral part of the growing number of "HIV Reporting and Partner Notification Laws" which have emerged in response to recently revised guidelines suggested by the National Center...