A novel method is developed to merge and disband groups in IP Multicast while retaining the original setup of their groups. It extends the semantic ofjoining or leaving a membershipfrom discrete members to group members in IP network. It has minimal impact on existing multicast trees and does not affect the operations of multicast routing protocols and the Internet Group Management (IGMP). It i...

This research adopted the version control system into the model construction for the single chamber aircathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) system, to understand the interrelation of biological, chemical, and electrochemical reactions. The anodic steady state model was used to consider the chemical species diffusion and electric migration influence to the MFC performance. In the cathodic steady st...

Purpose: To investigate the electro-reduction behaviour and determination of ciprofloxacin using a hanging mercury drop electrode. Methods: Cyclic voltammograms of ciprofloxacin recorded in Britton – Robinson buffers pH 2 – 5 exhibit a single irreversible cathodic peak. The dependence of the peak current and peak potential values on buffer (nature, pH and concentration) and accumulation conditi...

The recession beginning in 2008 caused many unprecedented difficulties for sustaining police workforces throughout the United States (Police Executive Research Forum [PERF], 2013; Wilson & Grammich, 2012; Wilson & Heinonen, 2012; Wilson & Weiss, 2012). These included budget and workforce reduction, consolidation, and even organizational disbanding. Further compounding these challenges, over tim...