in the case of abuse of right  of  freedom of trade, intentional fault or negligence, resort  to unlawful means and act contrary to professional ethics and in general, fulfillment of conditions of compensation of loss according to governing rules in legal systems, commercial rivals have tortious liability within the framework of traditional principles of tort law. nowadays, day by day, cases of...

This article examines the extent and nature of the use offoreign law in constitutional adjudication in common law systems outside the United States, with special reference to Australia. Demonstrating that the courts of other common law jurisdictions use foreign case law readily, naturally, and for a variety ofpurposes, the article reaches two broad conclusions: (1) as a generalization, other co...

Research in artificial intelligence and law goes back approximately 40 years. It remains largely based on formal logic, including non-monotonic logic, case-based reasoning, and logic programming. However, some researchers in and practitioners of law have argued in favor of quantitative approaches (e.g. probability) to account for uncertainties in legal arguments. Other researchers have pointed ...

Background: There are many cases in which the accused does not deserve to be detained and is detained without observing the legal terms and conditions or imprisoned due to a judicial error. In such cases, compensation for an innocent detainee is an important issue that needs to be addressed due to the violation of the fundamental rights of individuals. Therefore, the purpose of the present stud...

Law school training has a certain centralizing, homogenizing, tendency . . . Centrism pulls to the center, not because the center has any particular content, but because, well . . . it is the center . . . [I]n the American law schools a particular school of jurisprudence has already won out. The triumph of this school of thought is so complete, so pervasive, that it is not even seen as a school...

I. INVESTMENT LAW AND ARBITRATION .......................................................................................... 5 A. The Development of Investment Law and Arbitration....................................................... 5 B. Three Impact Channels ...................................................................................................... 9 1. Investment Arbitration Clau...