This paper studies the evolution of both characteristics of reciprocity the willingness to reward friendly behavior and the willingness to punish hostile behavior. Firstly, preferences for rewarding as well as preferences for punishing can survive evolution provided individuals interact within separated groups. This holds even with randomly formed groups and even when individual preferences are...

This paper explores the dynamic properties of price-based policies in a model of competition between two jurisdictions. Jurisdictions invest over time in infrastructure to increase the quality of the environment, a global public good. They are identical in all respects but one: initial stocks of infrastructure. This is a dynamic type of heterogeneity that disappears in the long run. Therefore, ...

Objectives. Work life and home life appear to be in increasing competition for scarce time and attention. Does the workplace offer a social haven for people? And if so, for whom is it most attractive? Or does the increasing affiliation with work life result from heightened job insecurity, which demands that employees focus on work in order to keep their jobs? Methods. In this article we analyze...

Group-level cooperation often poses a social dilemma in which joint action may be difficult to achieve. Theoretical models and experimental work on humans show that social incentives, such as punishment of defectors and rewarding of cooperators, can promote cooperation in groups of unrelated individuals. Here, we demonstrate that these processes can operate in a non-human animal species, and be...

practices, electronic medical records (EMRs) or electronic health records (EHRs) are the number one and most complex issue for all medical professionals, specifically independent practitioners (1-14). In fact, Dentzer (2) reported that many fans of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) or the “stimulus” package, enacted in February 2009 (9), might not realize how much went to health...

Abstract The article examines the development of state-paid salaries for clergy introduced by Communists in Czechoslovakia from their institution 1949 until they were removed a major change church-state relations 2012. In initial years Communist rule, it appears that part “carrot and stick” strategy aiming to subject churches state. Later, real value steadily decreased, leaving priests marginal...

  Background: Antioxidants have essential effect on tissue regeneration after cells injury. Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Ginger rhizome and carrot seed are strong antioxidants and long-term treatment of Streptozotocin induced–diabetic animals with these herbs, has been sho...

OBJECTIVES This study investigated the knowledge, awareness and practices of health care workers towards universal precautions at the University Hospital of the West Indies. The study also examined the prevalence of injuries experienced by health care workers, as well as incidence of accidents and compliance with post-exposure prophylaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional survey was co...