the capital asset pricing model (capm) is an equilibrium model for explaining the relationship between risk and returns of individual assets. in other words, the capm shows that how assets are priced according to their risk. capm is based on the assumption that investors is finding the efficient portfolio act in such a way that the efficient portfolio theory explains and their choices of the po...

Airlines are the business of transporting passengers in which the safety and risk have always been important. We use the fuzzy CAPM and fuzzy ICAPM models to investigate the underwriting systematic risk and profit margin of aviation transportation, in which the parameters of membership function are the asymmetric triangular fuzzy number. We calculate the underwriting systematic risk and profit ...

In strict terms, the Capital Asset Pricing Model applies only to marketed assets, but the CAPM is frequently used to assign prices to nonmarketed assets as well. The Correlation Pricing Formula (CPF) is similar in form to the CAPM, and gives the same result. However, the CPF expresses the price of a nonmarketed asset in terms of a priced asset that is most correlated with the nonmarketed asset,...

This paper develops and estimates a heteroskedastic variant of Campbell s [Campbell, J., 1993. Intertemporal asset pricing without consumption data. American Economic Review 83, 487–512] ICAPM, in which risk factors include a stock market return and variables forecasting stock market returns or variance. Our main innovation is the use of a new set of predictive variables, which not only have su...

This note contains two remarks on the traditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with one risk-free asset. Firstly, an elementary proof of the two-fund separation theorem is provided showing that asset-demand may become undefined if the limiting slope of the investor's indifference curves is finite. Secondly, it is shown that an additional limiting condition on the risk aversion is generall...

In a widely cited article, DiMasi, Hansen, and Grabowski (2003) estimate the average pre-tax cost of bringing a new molecular entity to market. Their base case estimate, excluding post-marketing studies, was $802 million (in $US 2000). Strikingly, almost half of this cost (or $399 million) is the cost of capital (COC) used to fund clinical development expenses to the point of FDA marketing appr...

What is the best way to incorporate a risk premium into the discount rate schedule for a real investment project with uncertain payo¤s? The standard CAPM formula suggests a beta-weighted average of the return on a safe investment and the mean return on an economy-wide representative risky investment. Suppose, though, that the project constitutes a tail-hedged investment, meaning that it is expe...

This study documents the asset pricing mechanism of Sharīʿah compliant securities listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange. We select the CAPM market model to test for the impact in variations of stock returns on a sample of Sharīʿah-compliant companies on ten years monthly data (2001-10). We first test the basic CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) and its modified form known as the Sharīʿah-complia...