Glutamate is the neurotransmitter released from hair cells. Its clearance from the synaptic cleft can shape neurotransmission and prevent excitotoxicity. This may be particularly important in the inner ear and in other sensory organs where there is a continually high rate of neurotransmitter release. In the case of most cochlear and type II vestibular hair cells, clearance involves the diffusio...

Results: In a cohort of 88 patients (57 male and, 31 female) PCNL was performed for renal stone treatment. The mean age was 33.5 (9 – 65) years. The mean operative time was 85 (60 – 180) minutes and the mean stone size was 3.2 cm range (2.5-4.8) cm. There were 37 staghorn and 51 non staghorn stone. PCNL via a single access tract was accomplished in 86% (76/88) of procedures, with upper pole cal...

Summary A new genus, Lukea Cheek & Gosline (Annonaceae) , is erected for two species to science, quentinii from Kaya Ribe, SE Kenya, and triciae the Udzungwa Mts, Tanzania. characterised by a flattened circular bowl-shaped receptacle-calyx with corolla of three free petals that give buds flowers unique appearance in African Annonaceae. Both are extremely rare shrubs small surviving areas lo...

Dianthus berkayii belongs to sect. Fimbriati was described and illustrated as a new species from Erzincan Province in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the current study morphological, palynological, molecular characters were compared discussed with its closely related species. The is similar D. crinitus fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid leaves. Also vanensis rigid, curved divaricate But...

The calyx of Held synapse of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body functions as a relay synapse in the auditory brainstem. In vivo recordings have shown that this synapse displays low release probability and that the average size of synaptic potentials does not depend on recent history. We used a ventral approach to make in vivo extracellular recordings from the calyx of Held synapse in rats...

The vestibular semicircular canals are responsible for detection of rotational head motion although the precise mechanisms underlying the transduction and encoding of movement information are still under study. In the present investigation, we utilized neural tracers and immunohistochemistry to quantitatively examine the topology and afferent innervation patterns of the horizontal semicircular ...

We studied how Ca2+ influx through different subtypes of Ca2+ channels couples to release at a calyx-type terminal in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body by simultaneously measuring the presynaptic Ca2+ influx evoked by a single action potential and the EPSC. Application of subtype-specific toxins showed that Ca2+ channels of the P/Q-, N-, and R-type controlled glutamate release at a s...