INTRODUCTION Governments throughout the world are using or considering various front-of-package (FOP) food labeling systems to provide nutrition information to consumers. Our web-based study tested consumer understanding of different FOP labeling systems. METHODS Adult participants (N = 480) were randomized to 1 of 5 groups to evaluate FOP labels: 1) no label; 2) multiple traffic light (MTL);...

BACKGROUND Calorie posting in chain restaurants has received increasing attention as a policy lever to reduce energy intake. Little research has assessed consumer understanding of overall daily energy requirements or perceived effectiveness of calorie posting. METHODS A phone survey was conducted from May 1 through 17, 2009 with 663 randomly selected, nationally-representative adults aged 18 ...

level, pupil reaction, and corneal reflex. However, there were many discrepancies in individual patients so that the vestibulo-ocular reflex afforded useful information additional to that obtained from traditional tests. Bilateral abnormal motor activity or absent pupil reactions were often associated with relatively unimpaired vestibulo-ocular reflex responses. There was no correlation between...

The reversal phase of caloric nystagmus is provoked when the lateral semicircular canal in a patient is reoriented from a vertical to a horizontal plane at the cessation of the caloric first phase, which we called the provoked caloric second phase. In investigating the clinical significance of the provoked caloric second phase, we recruited 102 vertiginous patients who had measurable caloric re...

Identifying unilateral vestibular failure of the semicircular canals (SCC) is important in vertigo and dizziness disease. There are different vestibular tests available: rotatory testing (RT), bithermal caloric irrigation (CI) and the video-head-impulse test (vHIT). This review comments on the current knowledge and on economic aspects of the testing methods. RT are a very specials tests and sho...

Using electronystagmography, we tested 100 patients (ages 65-80 years) manifesting the clinical signs of presbyvertigo, for the purpose of demonstrating their visuoocular reflexes. We administered not only simple optokinetic and eye-tracking stimuli but caloric modification of each one as well (with contrary directed optokinetic trace movement). The results were compared with those obtained in ...

The objective of this study was to describe the role of electrical stimulation in controlling peripheral vertigo. In a prospective study on 13 healthy volunteers, nystagmus was induced with caloric stimulation and the interval of nystagmus disappearance was recorded. This time indicates the basal response of vestibular end-organ. After caloric irrigation, pulsed signal was applied for each...

Response To the Editor: Cook and Lcventhal have correctly pointed out that decrcaaed caloric intake is an important cause of the cuthyroid sick syndrome. We agree that decreased caloric intake may account for the findings of decreased tree and total ‘1‘3 in depressed patients as compared with euthymic patient5 and normal CO~Itrola. They have also provided a very comprchcnsive review of the effe...

level, pupil reaction, and corneal reflex. However, there were many discrepancies in individual patients so that the vestibulo-ocular reflex afforded useful information additional to that obtained from traditional tests. Bilateral abnormal motor activity or absent pupil reactions were often associated with relatively unimpaired vestibulo-ocular reflex responses. There was no correlation between...