Historically, improvements in municipal water quality led to substantial mortality decline today’s wealthy countries. However, disinfection has not consistently produced large benefits lower-income We study this issue by analyzing a large-scale program Mexico that increased chlorination coverage urban areas from 58 percent over 90 within 18 months. estimate the reduced childhood diarrheal disea...

Farmers often buy water using fixed fees—rather than with marginal prices. We use two randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh to study the relationship between prices, adoption of a water-saving technology, and usage. Our first experiment shows that technology only saves when farmers face second finds an encouragement voluntarily convert hourly pumping charges does not save water. Taken toge...

This study employs the vector autoregressive model (VAR), impulse response function and variance decomposition to impact of oil price shocks on components government spending both oil-exporting importing countries over period from 1980 2018. While vast majority previous studies focused spending, this emphasized these current capital expenditure. It was found that affect expenditure positively i...

In the framework of field approach with the finite time interval the particle oscillations in a medium are considered. The absorption in a final states do not lead to dramatic suppression of ab transitions. Also we touch on the problem of infrared singularities. The approach under study is infrared-free. It is shown that " correction " published recently [A.Gal, Phys. Rev. C61 (2000) 028201] is...

Using a long panel of roll call voting data, I find that “flip-flopping” senators face significant electoral costs when changing positions. In models of electoral competition, as the costs to candidates changing position approach zero, the equilibrium prediction is the convergence of platforms. Such convergence is at odds with empirical observation. Using a dynamic, structural model of candidat...

Members of a shareholder meeting or legislative committee have greater or smaller voting power than meets the eye if the nucleolus of the induced majority game di ers from the voting weight distribution. We establish a new su cient condition for the weight and power distributions to be equal; and we characterize the limit behavior of the nucleolus in case all relative weights become small. JEL ...

This paper studies the dynamics of durable and nondurable consumption under two alternative assumptions about information updating by households — rational inattention and sticky expectations. We find that sticky expectations due to a fixed cost does a better job of reproducing the infrequent adjustments at the individual level and the slow adjustments at the aggregate level. We then show that ...

In this study, the exciton lifetime images within the photoactive layers of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are revealed by confocal optical microscopy combined with the fluorescence module. The images reveal that the active layers during slow solvent evaporation provide 3D pathways for charge transport and the concentration gradient through t...

We show the existence of an upper bound for the number of blocks required to get from one imputation to another provided that accessibility holds. The bound depends only on the number of players in the TU game considered. For the class of games with non-empty cores this means that the core can be reached via a bounded sequence of blocks. JEL Classification Numbers: C71, C73, C61.