Expansions of n -butane from small nozzles were observed to generate large clusters, provided that enough helium or neon carrier gas accompanied the butane to remove the heat of condensation rapidly and to produce low temperatures. Although expansions of neat n -butane led to substantial conformational cooling under some circumstances, clusters were never seen without carrier gas. Both thin-pla...

Skeletal reaction models for n-butane and iso-butane combustion are derived from the detailed gas phase chemistry model of USC Mech II through directed relation graph (DRG) and DRG aided sensitivity analysis (DRGASA) methods. The skeletal models generated from various combustion systems, e.g. auto-ignitions versus premixed flames, n-butane versus i-butane, are compared, and analyzed based on th...

Butenes and butadiene, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of polymers and other compounds, are synthesized traditionally by oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of n-butane over complex metal oxides. Such catalysts require high O2/butane ratios to maintain the activity, which leads to unwanted product oxidation. We show that carbon nanotubes with modified surface functionality efficien...

Lean fuel/air mixtures with various fuel/fuel ratios between methane and n-butane were supplied to a premixed compression-ignition engine (i.e. homogeneous charge compression ignition engine, HCCI) with or without supplementary gaseous formaldehyde induction as an ignition controlling additive. In the no additive case the methane and butane function as the two fuels in the high/low-octane two-f...

The title compound, C(10)H(8)N(2)·C(8)H(10)O(8), is an example of a system with a short O⋯H⋯N hydrogen bond [O⋯N = 2.565 (3) Å]. The crystal structure comprises a 1:1 adduct between 4,4'-bipyridine and butane-1,2,3,4-tetra-carboxylic acid, where both components are centrosymmetric. The component mol-ecules are linked through strong O⋯H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains extending approximately al...

The hydro-thermal reaction of butane-1,2,3,4-tetra-carboxylic acid (H(4)butca), 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) and Mn(SO(4))(2)·H(2)O afforded a new co-crystal, C(8)H(10)O(8)·2C(10)H(8)N(2) or H(4)butca·2(bipy), in which strong O-H⋯N hydrogen-bonding and weak π-π stacking [centroid-centroid distance = 3.8459 (19) Å] inter-actions assemble the organic mol-ecules into a three-dimensional supra-molecular ...