Rising research and development (R&D) expenditures by pharmaceutical companies are, in part, a consequence of changing industry structure, particularly the rise of the biotechnology sector. The creation of a market for biomedical science and increased vertical competition within the industry are likely to spur innovation and raise productivity, but they also could induce socially wasteful spend...

[1] When upwelling favorable winds weaken or relax in coastal upwelling systems, prevailing equatorward currents often weaken and then reverse to form propagating poleward currents. Here the statistics of wind relaxations and poleward flow events along the south central California coast are derived using meteorological and oceanographic times series during 2000–2006. Over the 7-year record, 169...

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) weaken the antitumor immune response through the inhibition of effector T cell activity and the production of immunosuppressive factors in pathological sites. It is well established that interleukin-17A (IL-17A) has a remarkable role on the promotion of inflammation and tumor formation, and IL-17 has been implicated in the enhancement of immunosuppressio...

Significant features of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks make it suitable for modern military communication. These characteristics also weaken the security aspects in terms of attacks. Among the attacks, black hole and grey hole attacks are notable since they are launched internally and cannot be identified easily. The military communication requires confidential information sharing, ensuring correct ide...

The authors conducted two experiments that served as a test bed for applying the recently developed uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach to rhythmic motor coordination, which has been extensively investigated from a coordination dynamics perspective. The results of two experiments, one investigating within-person and one investigating between-persons rhythmic movement coordination, identified s...

Based on a wide-ranging literature review, we argue that the information and communications technology infrastructure has not received adequate attention for its role in the development and maintenance of industrial clusters. This paper develops expectations for how firms in an industrial cluster make use of a public, broadband ICT infrastructure, particularly in support of e-commerce applicati...

Farmers in the San Francisco Estuary have been using increasing amounts of weed killers, also called herbicides, on their farms. Herbicides kill unwanted weeds without hurting food crops. However, did you know that herbicides can hurt fish as well, especially those live Estuary, like delta smelt? Delta smelt are small, translucent only occur Estuary. In past, could be found everywhere they curr...

Abstract Elton’s classic diversity-invasibility hypothesis posits that diversity of resident communities increases resistance against invaders. We tested whether the relationsip might be mediated by allelopathic effects species. In a large germination experiment, we exposed seeds six alien and native test species to leachates one, three, or twelve The tended slightly delay germination, almost a...

With the rise of “Internet + Agriculture”, existing related research has focused on impact Internet use agricultural productivity. However, few studies have considered green production efficiency. This paper employed SBM model to calculate efficiency using observation data 459 farmers in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan provinces. Further, influencing factors, their nonlinear impact, even effect inte...