Bamboo culm is a renewable and lightweight material with high strength, particularly tensile strength. It well accepted that bamboo culms have played significant role in architecture because of their sustainable contribution. The characteristics properties three-year-old from five species (Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus sericeus, membranaceus, Thyrsostachys oliveri, Phyllostachys makinoi) w...

Learners have difficulty in decomposing conventionally designed animations to obtain raw material suitable for building high quality mental models. A composition approach to designing animations based on the Animation Processing Model was developed as a principled alternative to prevailing approaches. It provides learners with pre-decomposed material that is structured and sequenced to facilita...