This paper describes various manipulations of micro air bubbles using electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD): transporting, splitting, merging and eliminating. First, in order to understand the response of bubbles to EWOD, the contact angle modulation is measured in a capped air bubble and confirmed to be in good agreement with the Lippmann-Young equation until saturation. Based on the contact ang...

In the present study, the importance of temperature, individual size and habitat arrangement on the bubble nest construction of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910) was investigated. 75 males and 15 females of B. splendens were used for the study. Ten aquariums (33 × 100 × 60 cm) were used and were divided into two sides by a glass layer. Aquariums were aerated and heated by aqua...

Bubble formation in the conduits of woody plants sets a challenge for uninterrupted water transportation from the soil up to the canopy. Freezing and thawing of stems has been shown to increase the number of air-filled (embolized) conduits, especially in trees with large conduit diameters. Despite numerous experimental studies, the mechanisms leading to bubble formation during freezing have not...

Bubble formation and growth on a water-splitting semiconductor photoelectrode under illumination with above-bandgap radiation provide a direct measurement of the gas-evolving reaction rate. Optical microscopy was used to record the bubble growth on single-crystal strontium titanate immersed in basic aqueous electrolyte and illuminated with UV light at 351/364 nm from a focused argon laser. By a...

We complete a classification of junctions of two Friedmann-RobertsonWalker space-times bounded by a spherical thin wall. Our analysis covers super-horizon bubbles and thus complements the previous work of Berezin, Kuzumin and Tkachev. Contrary to sub-horizon bubbles, various topology types for super-horizon bubbles are possible, regardless of the sign of the extrinsic curvature. We also derive ...

At impact of a liquid drop on a solid surface, an air bubble can be entrapped. Here, we show that two competing effects minimize the (relative) size of this entrained air bubble: for large drop impact velocity and large droplets, the inertia of the liquid flattens the entrained bubble, whereas for small impact velocity and small droplets, capillary forces minimize the entrained bubble. However,...

Fundamentally-based computational models are developed to quantify the removal of inclusions by bubbles during the continuous casting of steel. First, the attachment probability of inclusions on a bubble surface is investigated based on fundamental fluid flow simulations, incorporating the turbulent inclusion trajectory and sliding time of each individual inclusion along the bubble surface as a...

Bubbles in DNA are related to fundamental processes such as duplication and transcription. Using a new ensemble technique to trap intermediate states, we present direct measurements of the average length of the denaturation bubble and the statistical weights of the bubble states in the temperature-driven melting of DNA oligomers. For a bubble flanked by double-stranded regions, we find a nuclea...